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MINUTES - 03232004 - D3 CORR
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C:.:.:: `i. .. : . . i .. ..........:...............................:..............:.................:..............:.......................I......I............ L:1 . � R M - ' Cwi,'. I11 Ic♦ uV "._vV I +V /./ wl1IL4 V. ViLI\LI 11 fY VUI LI\ViJ JLd .•IdJ 1•J}V 1 .Vl.V1 ED FEB 0 2 �0�4 ToddL. Burf ngame e eS 1 ourt CtiN;t. y�-YWS ER .S ` Lafayette., CA 94549 T'e6ruary 6, 2004 r n� 1 Ci Z0r}•1 1, � Contra.Costa County Board of Supervisors 651 Pine Street Martinez, CA 94553 Re: Briones Cemetery Appeal Dear Board Members: I am writing on behalf of the Happy Valley Improvement Association in Lafayette, California. When the Contra Costa Planning Commission approved the development of the Martinez Cemetery on lanuary 14, 2004, it included, as a condition of approval,the requirement that the owners of the cemetery"limit and discourage,to the extent possible, funeral processions from using Happy Valley or Upper Happy Valley Road." We respectfully request that any action by the Board of Supervisors upholding the Planning Commission's prior decision not alter the condition of approval pertaining to Happy Valley and Upper Happy Valley Roads in Lafayette. Several residents have expressed concerns regarding funeral processions on these narrow residential roads. ` Please let me know if you have any questions. Very truly yours, Todd L. Burlingame President,Happy Valley Improvement Association CC. Niroop Srivatsa, Lafayette Planning &Building Manager WC-91 105 TOTAL P.O" Admitted sst Oregon THOMAS P. GREER 1 Y Attorney at Law 917 Las Juntas Street Martinez, California 94553 925-370-8400 Fax: 925-370-0778 email:tgreerty*a nat.com March 11, 2004 VIA FACSIMILE(�?a (925)370-9775&U.S.MAI, Darwin Myers Principal Darwin Myers&Associates 1308 Pine Street Martinez, CA 94553 RE: Proposed Gan_Shalom Cemetery appeal Bear Mr. Myers: Confirming your conversation with my office, l represent William Mulcahy, a real-party- in-interest in the above referenced matter and will be appearing on his behalf at the forth corning hearing with the Board.of Supervisors now set for March 23, 2004 at 1.04 p.m. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to call. Very truly yours, E1 _. P. GRE RTY CC: DANIELLE KELLY,DEPUTY CLERK @(925)335-1222 Community ontr Donuts nferry,AICP Community Development Director Development Costa Department County County Administration Building 651 fine Street 4th Floor, North Wing Martinez, California 94553-0095 -- . phone: (925) 335-1214 SrA cr5u�'� February 10, 2004 Frank M. Winer Gan Shalom Cemetery PO Box 167 Lafayette, CA 94549 Dear Mr. Winer: Re: Acknowledgement of Receipt of CEQA Pasting Fee Clarification for its Purpose Appeal of County Planning Commission Approval of Proposed Cemetery Land Use Permit County File#LP022068 This is to acknowledge receipt of the $50 fee payment for CEQA posting notification purposes. We would life to make a slight correction to the letter that we sent that described its purpose. Our letter of January 26,2004 indicated that the fee was to cover County costs in the posting of the final CEQA determination for the project by the Board of Supervisors after they have heard and acted on the appeal. We erred in indicating that the notice was to be a Notice of Exemption. That type of notice would apply had the county determined that your application is exempt from CEQA. In this case, staff determined that the project is subject to CEQA,but prepared an initial study that concluded that the project would not result in any significant impacts, and staff proposed, and the Plarnling Commission adopted, a Negative Declaration determination for purposes of the project's compliance'with CEQA. Therefore, assuming the Board of Supervisors were to sustain the Planning Commission decision, the County would be posting a Notice of Determination {not a Notice of Office Hours Monday- Friday: 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Office is closed the 1 st, 3rd& 5th Fridays of each month 2 Exemption). But by filing the Notice of Determination within 5 working days of the Board's decision, that action also establishes a 30-day limit on the filing of any legal challenge, similar to the statute of limitations that would apply for filing a Notice of Exemption. (Ref. § 15075 of the State CEQA Guidelines) Should you have any questions,please call me at 335-1214. Sincerely, //� �-�L ROBERT H. DRAKE Principal Planner Cc: Darwin Myers Accounting Section File \\fs-cd\users$\bdrake\Personal\lp022068.ltr.doc RD\ j GAN SHALOM CEMETERY' a O February 4,2004 Mr. Robert Drake,Principal Planner Community Development Department Contra Cost.County OFFICER& 651 Pine Street Prank Winer Martinez, CA 94553-0095 President Susan Lefelstein Ref County File No. LP022068 \lice President Mimi Zinn Bear Mr. Drake: Secretary ,ion brabkin Thank you for your letter of January 26,notifying us of the appeal of the Treasurer Planning Commission approval of our application. Enclosed is our check for $50,for it posting fee in the event that the Board of Supervisors also approves t1tRFtCRS the application, and,a legal challenge is contemplated. Jack Chapman Vire understand that this fee provides for timely posting of a Notice of Norman Burg Exemption,which in tern establishes a 35 day statute of limitations on a Shalom Ellahu legal challenge. Jared Goldin Paul Hed Thank You. Margot Jacob Efl i..ubiiner - David Nissim }' A�11 Mort Schwartz Frank M. Winer,President S. Bruce Pincus Gan Shalom Corporation Lawrence Wanetick Marvin Zinn Glenn Zwang Encl: Check## 1164 in the amount of$50. P.O. Box 167 W Lafayette, CA 94549 Community Contra Dennis M,Barry,AicP Development CostaCommunity Development Director Department County County Administration Building 651 Pine Street 4th Floor, North Wing Martinez, California 94553-0095 Phone: (925) 335-1210 January 26, 2004 Shalom Eliahu Gan Shalom, Inc 3315 Stagecoach Drive Lafayette, Ca 94549 Dear Mr. Eliahu: Re: Receipt of Appeal of County Planning Commission Approval of a Land Use Permit for a Cemetery MartinezlBriones Valley area County File # LP022068 This letter serves as notification that the January 13, 2004 County Planning Commission approval of your application LP022068 has been appealed. Attached is a copy of the appeal letter. The appeal will be scheduled for hearing before the Board of Supervisors. You will be notified of the date in which your application will be heard. You or your representative should be present at the hearing. Requested Pg=ent of$50 Posting Fee In the event that the County ultimately approves this project, an approval may be subject to legal challenge. The legal exposure can be reduced by the timely posting of a Notice of Exemption(from.the California Environmental Quality Act). The Notice is posted by the Community Development Department following a final project approval decision. Posting of a Notice of Exemption will allow for a 35-day statute of limitations period for filing a legal challenge against the project. If no Notice of Exemption is posted,then the statute oflunitations for filing of legal challenges against the approval extends 180-days from the project approval date. Office Hours Monday- Friday: 8.00 a.m.- 5:00 p.m. In order to be in a position to post a Notice of Exemption at the earliest possible date, we request payment of a $50 posting fee to cover the charge of the County Clerk's office. Checks for the $50 fee should be made payable to the County of Contra Costa and submitted to the Community Development Department with the other requested materials. Additional Coies of Project Plans Please provide staff with seven (7) sets of full-size plans (folded and stapled) for inclusion in the packets that will go to Board members, If you have any questions regarding this matter, please call your project planner, Darwin Myers, at (925) 370-9330. Sincerely yours, Robert H. Drake Principal Planner RHD/cp Attachment cc: Public Works Attn: Heather Ballenger Health Services Department, Env. Health Division, Ken Stuart Dennis Barry Catherine Kutsuris File Computer Darwin Myers H:1Persona1\Appeals\Appeal letters to BOS\Appeal-applicant-owner to DOS-LP022068.doc 2 Dennis M.Barry,AICP munity Contra Development Community Development Director Costa Department County County Administration Building 651 Fine Street 4th Floor, Borth Wing Martinez, California 94553-0095 Phone: (925) 335-1210 January 26, 2004 Carole Dwinell 201 Bear Maks Court Martinez, Ca 94553 Dear Ms. Dwinell: Re: Acknowledgement of Receipt of Appeal of County Planning Commission Decision to Grant Land Use Permit for Cemetery Martinez/Briones Valley area County File#LP022068 This letter acknowledges receipt of your letter of appeal. dated January 20, 2004 for application LP022068,which was approved by the County Planning Commission on January 13, 2004. Your appeal will be heard by the Board of Supervisors . This office will notify you,by letter, when the appeal has been scheduled for hearing before the Board of Supervisors.You should be aware that you or your representative should be present at the hearing. If you have any questions regarding this matter, please call your project planner, Darwin Myers, at(925) 370-9330. Sincerely yours, Robert H. Drake Principal Planner I•APersonaMppeals\Appeal letters to BOS\Appeal from neighbor to BOS-LP022066.doe Office Hours Monday - Friday:8:00 a.m.- 5:00 p.m. /"1dt;..... ;r ..1-,-,-4 ib.... 4-4 1'S—J 0 CI4...f"...:.J ..t -- -1'. .. .0 January 20,2004 , :gg T,.�,, Carole Dwinell Briones Hills Preserve Alliance �i ANI 23 F i 201 Bear Oaks Court P,O? Box`1562 Martinez,CA 94553 Martinez,CA 94553 Contra Costa Community Development Department 651 Pine Street Martinez,CA 94553 To the Contra Costa Board of Supervisors: Request for Appeal of the County Planning Commission Decision/13 January 2004 As a representative of the Briones Hills Preserve Alliance,(BHPA)I am formally requesting a Hearing before the Contra Costa Board of Supervisors regarding the Proposed Gan Shalom Cemetery,County File#LP022068 for,but not limited to,the following reasons: �o. The Contra Costa County Planning Commission i ignoring County Resolution 87/483,which was intended to protect the Briones Hills area. • Mitigation measures described within the CEQA Initial Study for the project cemetery in fact neither reflect nor resolve issues concerning area water.While the residents of the area,in good faith as early as July 2002,requested that the well be tested in both the Spring when local wells are recharged from the winter rains AND in the Fall when after the summer dry season all the wells being used on adjacent properties and those properties nearby experience low flow,this request was ignored. • In the staff report for the Hearing on December 16,Allah Moore,Esq.pointed out clearly that CEQA and the CEQA Guidelines in all close cases,show a.clear preference for the drafting of an EIR. I quote..."An EIR is required whenever substantial evidence in the record shows even a fair argument than significant impacts may occur.In such case, even if other evidence in the record supports a different conclusion,the City(in this case, the County)must prepare an EIR." and further states "that the County pay close attention to the comments of S.S.Papadopulos&t Associates with regard to damage to the local, fragile water supply." • Dr.Gordon Thrupp,who represented S.S.Papadopulos&E Associates and the BHPA at the Tuesday,January 13 Planning Commission Hearing was constantly interrupted by the Chairman and Commissioners.The County was notified in advance that Dr.Thrupp intended to make an overhead presentation to the Commission.A screen and (BHPA provided)overhead projector was set up but members of the commission complained that they could not see the screen.These complaints exhausted a portion of Dr.Thrupp"s allocated three minutes.Dr.Thrupp during the question period after his presentation was then examined on issues that were not under the realm of his obligation. to BHPA. • We intentionally went outside the county,investigated an international firm that would not be influenced by any commitments within the county or with any personal connection to either neighbors or the proponents,to have an unbiased look at the water information.This very important information was not allowed to be presented.We want to assure you that most of the information,however,is in the four letters/reports that were submitted by Dr.Thrupp to the county before the December 16,2003 hearing and are recorded in the staff report for the December hearing.These reports were sunimari.ly dismissed.The experience of the residents of many years,offered in good faith and as good neighbors,was also ignored. • In the Review of Pumping Test and Aquifer Evaluation by GeoConsultants,Inc., received by the Contra Costa Community Development Department,tune-dated 2003 October 06 at 8.02, and submitted by Jeremy Wire,Certified Hydrogeologist,No.93, from the Table of Contents to the actual test data and the Figures chart;the numbers for Drawdown Well#3 were omitted from the CEQA Initial Study.The figures in the "Evaluation" by GeoConsultants show that Drawdown Well#3 (Well P-3),located 1200 feet from the project well, dropped about a half an inch,all within the last 12 hours of the pumping test,When I asked why the results of P3 had been omitted from the CEQA Initial Study,I was told it was insignificant_BHPA and I ask officially and on the record: How,in only 24 hours,can any change in the level of ground water from Well P-3 at. 1200 feet from the source well,be considered insignificant? • In the CEQA study,under Environmental Study Checklist Form.,it states that under Chapter 8438 of the Zoning Ordinance, "the permitted uses include" and thea lists the permitted uses.Nowhere on that list is a chapel,and in fact,a chapel was already discouraged from being built almost directly across the street from the proposed site by the Planning Commission in the late 1990s. • In regards to traffic, a large animal clinic("large" in this case,being animals such as horses,cattle,llamas,, goats and sheep;appropriate-p&for agricultural areas)yuan; totally discouraged from applying for a permit because of traffic issues.It would cauft r, too much traffic.This was an agricultural business that would greatly benefit the peoile who reside in the Preserve as well as neighboring horselcattle communities,such as those y; adjacent to Tilden Park and in Lafayette Orinda,Moraga,in fact,all of the cities whi0h A were signatories of the Agricultural Agreement.. • The number of vehicles traveling the winding two lane roads will not be static numbers as the cemetery planners have repeatedly reported.If the plans to develop tho first 7+ acres take place,each acre with 1000 graves, at 200 graves per year,(Gan Shalom figures)means by the end of the fifth year,there will be many,many repeat visitations to honor deceased relatives and loved ones on the appropriate Jewish holidays. And,the proponents say this traffic will only occur in the daylight hours in the middle of the day,not during commute traffic. Evening only comes at five o'clock during Pacific Standard Time for two months at themost. Several tines it was mentioned that the hours 7 would be from 8:30 until dusk.During Pacific Daylight Time,dusk is at 9 PM and that certainly does encompass commute hours.Not quite what the traffic report would have one believe since it was done for only two hours from 1 PM to 3PM on a Tuesday and then only at the less traveled intersection.The actual traffic collection data.was NOT in the CEQA Initial Study,only a summary that did not indicate the time fmine of the actual data collection. These and other substantive facts require closer examination by the Supervisors. There is no mention of what would happen if the valley runs out of water.Residents will truck water,and continue to live under drought4ike conditions should it be necessary. After all, we do it every single summer.The Gan Shalom plant,as approved by the Planning Commission does not adequately address this issue now,or as cemetery expansion occurs in the future. An Appeal is necessary to present these and other questions to the Board of Supervisors and to the public. It is necessary for all our information to be placed in the record.Please let me know when there is a date available on the Contra Costa Board of Supervisors calendar and we will be there. Most Sincerely, *CaroleDwinell. Attachments Filing Fee Payment: Briones Hills Preserve Alliance Check#1010 for $125.00 C; c CA) n, C" C CD ,, y vs:*J ivl L.VV`2 S&,vi 2'C2A tTt43 LJv u2Tt J Lltll+iit's!\ ittJriit l+.1 i}tj VV 6.t VV WARCHER, ........flO APNNORRIS 2033 North main Street,Suite 800 CAt3FORNiA OFFICES PO Bax 8035 Walnut Creek Walnut Creek,CA 94596-3728 Los Angeles 935.930.6600 Richmond 425.430.6620(Fax) �y 9004 Corona January 13, 2EDWArw L.SHAFFER eshafterCarchernords.com 825.952,5409 Contra Costa County Planning Commission 651 Pine Street Martinez, CA 94553-0095 Re: Gan Shalom Cemetery(LP02206$) Honorable Commissioners: The Planning Commission is holding a continued hearing on January 13th,to consider the application by Gan shalom for a cemetery use permit. A supplemental staff report recormnends adding a new condition of approval, by which the applicant would indemnify the County against challenges to project approval. The proposed conditions reads as follows: The applicant (or any agent thereof) shall defmid, indemnify, and hold harmless the Contra Costa County Planning Agency and its agents, officers, and employers [sic] from any claim., action or preceeding against the Agency(the County) or its agents, officers or employees to attack, set aside, void or annul, the Agency's approval concerning this land use permit application. The County will promptly notify the applicant of any such claim, action, or proceeding and cooperate fully in the defense. Gan Shalom does not oppose the purpose of this condition..However,we are concerned about one detail in the wording: the reference to"any agent"of the applicant, This could be interpreted to include officers and directors. Gan.Shalom is a non-profit organization, Its officers and directors are volunteers, serving without pay or any ether compensation, They cannot risk personal liability for costs that might be unposed under this condition, It is our understanding that insurance is not available to cover this risk. This wording is meant to recognize the common situation regarding land use approvals, where a property owner authorizes a developer to pursue approvals�as the owner's"agent", The owner may be the official "applicant", but the developer will take action to defend approvals. Thus the condition is worded to hold both the owner and developer liable for County costs. GO)39001/333521-1 Archertforis,A Professional Law Ccxporatkan s Ul/.t3/GUU4 1G:VS rAA UZO ZDOOVIO AtClriltS 1VUtttC#h g6IVva, Vv0 Planning Coma-tisslon January 13, 2004 Page 2 This situation does not call for such wording. There is no agent acting on behalf of Gan Shalom.. We ask the Commission to delete the phrase"(or any agent thereof)" Alternatively, if staff objects to the deletion then we ask that the following sentence be added: Notwithstanding the foregoing, the phrase "applicant (or any agent thereof)" as used in this condition shall not be interpreted to apply to any individual officer, director, employee or consultant of the applicant, or to impose any obligation or liability on any such individual. Gan Shalom will accept the condition with either change. Thank you for your consideration of this matter. Sincerely, ARCHER.NO S Edward L. Shaffer .ELS:Ia cc: Catherine Kutsuris,Community Development Dept. Gan Shalom G0139001/333521-1 16 Cricket Hill Road Lafayette,CA 94549 January 6, 2004 Mr.Darwin Meyers Community Development Department, Contra Costa County 651 Pine Street,North Wing, e Floor Martinez,California 94553 Dear Sir: 1 aim writing to ask that you deny the land use application for the Gan Shalom Cemetery for 83 acres of land that fronts Bear Creek. Please take time to consider the impact that this measure would have on the surrounding areas,roads,traffic, and ambient environment. First of all, consider how this proposed project would alter how people feel about Briones Park. Briones would no longer be a carefree site in the woods. The cemetery would cast the pall of death over an otherwise carefree setting. Who wants to go to a picnic following a funeral procession? Secondly,there is the issue of access to the cemetery. The most direct way is along Happy Valley Road or possibly Upper Happy Valley---past a grammar school or private high school; and these roads are how most people would drive to reach the cemetery. Furthermore,this direct route to the cemetery would become traffic mayhem with parents picking up and dropping off children in peak morning and afternoon hours. The size of Happy Valley School nearly doubled when it incorporated all the grammar school students from Vallecito School on Upper Happy Valley Road some years ago. Bentley High School occupies the old Vallecito School at the bottom of Upper Happy Valley School and has further added to traffic congestion on Upper Happy Valley. Children, . hikers, and bikers use the walkways on Happy Valley and Lipper Happy Valley Roads; funeral processions would compound traffic dramatically. Thirdly,consider the impact of long funeral processions on these asphalt roads that have only been partially paved in recent years, because city and county repair monies ran out and local residents have had to contribute to maintain them. Many old sections of the road, particularly the north part of Happy Valley Road, have not been resurfaced in recent memory. The width of the road in the repaved sections has narrowed as the edges of asphalt have worn off and walkways have been incrementally installed on the outer limits. Lastly,Happy Valley Road becomes dangerous and windy as you drive from the intersection of Happy Valley and Upper Happy Valley Roads. These sharp,blind precarious turns are inviting an accident of major proportions with increased traffic from funeral processions. As a resident of Lafayette for 35 years, I have observed how the Queen of Heaven Cemetery has impacted the Reliez Valley area. R.eliez Valley loses its blithe spirit to a far more somber spirit as people closely share the access to their homes with a huge cemetery in their midst. The community and roads of Happy Valley are unsuitable for funeral processions that would inevitably become a regular occurrence if the Clan Shalom project were allowed. Please deny Gan Shaloml because it so harshly and irreparably impacts our environment, parklands, roads, and community. Sincerely, a Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Paige ja D' fRA dUi A i1NTY e✓'t-n-.ee€.-evy E 4100 Hilltop Drive, Richmond- Caiifornla 94803 w (510; 223.6161 taa;14 �.,r�� t '-.1,I�P1 2° � 't;, rT F.�.; November 28, 2003 Carol Dwinell Post Office Box 1562 Martinez, California 94553-1562 Dear Ms. Dwinell: Thank you for your recent inquiry concerning the history and development of Rolling Hills Memorial Park over the past 45 years. Since 1960, Rolling dills Memorial Park has grown to become one of California's largest cemeteries. Rollings Hills Memorial Park is owned and operated by Carriage Services, For more information, please visit http://netserv2.carriageservices.com/Extemal/index.htrnl. Presently, it is our privilege to serve an average of thirty to thirty-five families each week. Some of our families have five generations of loved ones within our 100 acres. Many religious organizations have purchased property within Rollings Hills to serve the needs of their congregation and faith groups. Several of the larger religious groups have actually purchased their own gardens within Rolling Hills. When a religious organization purchases enough acreage for 200 or more gravesites,Rolling Hills allows the organization to create a name for their property. Presently, Garden of Tel Shalom and Bethel Memory Gardens, I and 11 are examples of large group purchases. Please let me know if we may offer a proposal for your group, Regards, John E. Van de Water Assistant Sales Manager Advance Planning Division ,_.°1.-,° c ,rr:.n�rtin.�:.rr` ( ccrc° t-,F:r;•i€.-fr,; ("a re le. 0 tv 0a V—S Cg q q5 Dearing List/Turn In My naive is Carole Dwinell and the following iZZAamung is:. i�iq�tq y verbal presentation at the Hearing on December 16 at Commissioners meeting. Please nate that the following issues have been so noted in regards to the notice postmarked 4 December 2003 Notice of a Public Hearing and the last paragraph in the boxed section that says: "If you challenge the project in court,you may be limited to raising only those issues you ore someone else raised at the public hearing described in this notice,or in written correspondence delivered to the County at,or prior to,the public hearing." So delivered. 16 December 2003 SOMEHOW MY MATOUALS DID NOT CET INTO THE STAFF REPORT FOR JANUARY 13. HERE IS A COPY. "Steelhead is a federal listed"threatened" species. Steelhead habitat was not described)in the environmental review for the project.The projects potential effects on steelhead habitat must be examined. In particular,the potential for the project to decrease the distribution or duration of dry season flows in Pinole Creek and tributaries should be described." Steelhead is mentioned in the LSA Reconnaissance Survey but not in the NEitigated Negative Declaration. It is an issue of interest because Can Shalom is proposing to change the drainage on the property so the area of the property no longer contributes to the groundwater recharge by digging up the surface and installing interceptors for recycling water. This will prevent the normal recharge from taking place and affect the recharge of both naturally occurring groundwater and the creek. Cemeteries are exempt from the requirements of the Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance(AB325)(1990)This is an exemption to do with irrigation using a.water budget approach determined by climate factors and the anmount of landscaped area. What does this mean in terms of enforcement of the County suggested mitigation? Letter from Archer/Norris-attorneys for Clan Shalom Note the date on this communication. Why did the attorneys and expel for Can Shalom not have to submit their comments before the deadline just like everyone else? Why did they get to look at everyone's responses and THEN come up with comments? Can comments,submitted after the deadline,be used in a staff report?They address things that were in the Public Comment letters.How come they had access to that information before we did, when in fact I made a direct request to Darwin Meyets fgr copies of all the public comment as soon as possible.Note that there is NO correspondence from GS people at all. laid the county not get any or were we notg en copies. If there were, why were they not included? They read ours. w:; 2 Letter from Archer/Norris continued: In the letter to the county,drafted by our attorney, which was in its mum sermon of the staff report, stated" e have received a copy of the County's'Notice of Public Review and Intent to Adopt a Proposed Mitigated Negative Declaration for the tan Shalom Cemetery. Please consider these written comments a formal response to such notice." Even though our attorney's letter was placed in its own section,the above quote seems to "concern the CEQA adequacy."Itis probably important to mote this---due to the paragraph in a notice sent out by the county that"if you challenge the project in court, you may be limited to raising only those issues you or someone else raised at the public hearing described in this notice,or in written correspondence delivered to the County at, or prior to,the public hearing." This particular one page flyer was postmarked 4 December 2003. The importance here is that we are"concernf ed about]the CEQA adequacy-" We are directly and in print questioning not only the adequacy but in part,the accuracy and scope of the CEQA study. Letter from Archer/Norris: "The opponents are wrong: cemeteries should not be treated as "urban" development," Section 88-2.202 of Division 88 Special Land.Uses states:No person shall dedicate,establish or.maintain any cemetery,as defined in Section 82-4.218,or extend the boundaries of any existing cemetery at any place within the unincorporated territory of the county without first obtaining a permit as specified in this chapter." By stating that a permit is required the county is addressing the fact that it is a special development and as such,has to be treated individually and on merit. Letter from Archer/Norris: "and this project does not violate Urban Line regulations. No public water, sewer or other facilities will be built:just a septic system to handle two bathrooms plus a well for toilets and irrigation" The original well was drilled on a form that stated it was for domestic use. Domestic use for a family is far less intrusive,and most of the public/private stables do not have"bathrooms" for clients,they have Porta Potties. This difference is significant when you talk about use per event. Perhaps twenty to possibly 90+mourners might not be considered"domestic." ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Letter fr©m Archer/Norris: "There are no dwelling units,retail activity,manufacturing,or other aspects of"development"—simply funeral services and burials" When I visited Rolling Hills there was at least 12 to 18 people who went through the office in the process of creaking arrangements for loved ones. 'There were five funerals scheduled for that clay. So the sales of grave sites and arrangements for the funerals may also be another "aspect." While it is stated that there "I be no sales,on page 9 of the Staff report is says that there will be a cemetery manager,a secretary, a grounds supervisor and two maintenance persons. While there is no listing of a sales staff;potential customers will want to see the location,know how to get here and visit the site generating additional traffic. Letter from Archer/Norris: "This project is not urbanizing the area or installing growth- inducing infrastructure as the opponents claim," Growth-inducing has only to do with the possible failure of the site well to produce enough water to support their own facility,not to mention that of the;neighbors. Then the question arises: Where is the water going to cone from to support even 10 acres?If people are already buried here and the water infrastructure fails,the choices are limited. Truck water, or bring in piped water. What happens if no piped water is allowed under the "no services" section of the agricultural Preserve Agreement? Piped water into the area breaks the Urban:Line Limit and/or the Ag Preserve Agreement. 'There is the concern. piped water destroys the intent of the agricultural presen e. This is mentioned in the letter from the Muir Heritage Land'Trust, recorded and is already in the hands of the county. Letter from Archer/Norris: "This land use is compatible with the goals of both the General Plan and the Briones Compact." The no annexation and no services is the very key to the Briones Hills Preserve Agreement. We will be very vigilant about that so if the water availability becomes an issue, it will be incompatible if services are requested.The General Flan is pretty clear on open space/agricultural land or it wouldn't require a special permit. Letter from Archer/Norris: "The opponents argue that it would be better to locate the cemetery somewhere else, inside the Urban Limit Line. " The references in the public comment letters say only that it is suggested that the cemetery be located where utilities and appropriate access roads already exist. This is true of Rolling Hills Cemetery according to a letter from same 4 Letter from Archer/Norris: "Actually,the opposite is true. Developable land inside the Line is scarce, and should be conserved for housing and other purposes to reduce outward sprawl." The above is patently untrue as a letter from Rolling Hills Cemetery located in Richmond,less than a quarter mile from.Interstate 80, states. Quote: "When a religious organization purchase enough acreage for 2€0 or rnore gravesites, Rolling Hills allows the organization to create a name for their property. Presently,Garden of Tel Shalom and Bethel Memory Gardens,I and II are examples of large group purchases." In speaking with Mr. John Wan de Water,he said that every a chapel was certainly a possibility. Letter from Archer/Norris: "This was the County's goal in adopting the Urban Limit Line, and is the key principle of the current Shaping Ow-Future planning effort." The Briones Agricultural.Preserve was the county's premier effort at preserving this area and according to the website of Shaping Our Future. One point on the website of Shaping Our Future is to: "• develop an overall vision for Shaping Our Future to reflect the wishes and values of the people who live here....", s Establish guiding principles and benchmarks that use the overall vision as a guide for developing specific goats,or guiding principles for Contra.Costa." and more. All 19 cities as well as the county are involved in Shaping Our Future,including those eight cities that make up the signees of the Briones Hills Agricultural Preserve Agreement. That agreement is in the General Plan and includes the Urban Limit in its language to the effect that there should be no annexation of the area or service extended into the area. Letter from Archer/Norris: "The irony of the opponents argument is that most of the existing uses in the area actually are more intensive and cause more disruption than the cemetery ever will." The largest component of land use in the area, square:miles in fact;is grazing. That is neither intensive nor disruptive. Letter from Archer/Norris: "There are a large number of commercial horse stables in the vicinity,at least 11 with indoor riding arenas. " Counting Poplar Place,Bottomley Farm,Rancho del l.,ago,Eric Tnornas(on Garcia Ranch Read),Double G,Half Halt Farre.and Coyote Ridge there are only seven. I have not counted the Burke place because that is not commercial. Letter from Archer/Norris: "These businesses attract a steady stream of customers." The commercial stables are definitely not Walmart. And the customers are not casual but the same people each time-%vho either board or take lessens.It is,in facts not the general public any more and probably a lot less than the cemetery will,generate with visitors to existing graves and visits from those who might wish to purchase a gravesite,a crypt. ...................... ............................................................................................................................ ..... 5 Letter from Archer/Norris: "Their operations generate traffic" Dote that the traffic is of a different nature than funeral processions and is consistent with agricultural use. The f moral processions may have to deal with tractors, trailers(bath horse and cattle), and the events that enhance the area as recreational/educational use. Letter from Archer/Norris: "noise" Dust is part of an agricultural setting. While most properties do their best to alleviate the dust problem, it is inevitable thatt some ours when dragging arenas, riding activities,disking fields in preparation for winter planting(though that normally ours after the first rain so there is little dust for that operation). The problem will be that of the cemetery. Will visitors appreciate a coating of dust from whatever source?Will that be a source of complaint to the county even though it is a normal occurrence in agricultural areas? What will the county then propose? Letter from Archer/Norris: "sewage" Where is no more sewage issue than ra regular residence. Most of the barns use Porta Potties and so the leach fields are not overwhelmed by clients.Can the cemetery bathrooms be said to use the same as a normal domestic property?Their chapel alone is set to seat 90! Is there some kind of line for that many people or will there be more bathrooms? What about the people who walk out to gravesites? Where will they go if the bathrooms are only in the chapel? Letter from Archer/Norris: "runoff'from stables contaminating Pinole Creek" The Contra Costa County Watershed Atlas published in November of 2003 prepared by the+Centra.Costa Community Development in cooperation with the Contra Costa Public Works Department under the direction of the Contra Costa Board of Supervisors states that "Creeks that flow through urban communities provide a tangible connection to the natural landscapes upstream." and concerning the runoff' "contaminating Pinole Creek",this newly published document states that the "Recognized Pollutant of Concern" in Pinole Creek is Diazinon and the creek is listed as an Impaired Water Body in the State's 303(d)list" Furthermore,Pinole Creek"is an important feature of the City of Pinole,and the city government is closely involved with the work of organizations such as the Friends of Pinole Creek,County Flood Control,and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to restore the creek through the center-of town." Friends of Pinole Creek are also involved in supporting restoration of the upper watershed. Diazinon is an insecticide used for lawns and will be removed from store shelves by 2004. It is toxic to children. "Four triazine-herbicide degradation products also were detected in more than 60 percent of all samples. Diazinon and chlorpyrifos were the two most firecluently detected insecticides in raw- water samples, with.35.3 percent and 5.3 percent detection frequencies,respectively,said USES"" In 1993 Central Contra.Costa Sanitary District found that 60%of the pesticides [in the district's test aquarium]carne from residential sources..." 6 Letter from Archer/Norris: "increased demands for emergency police/frelmedic al services" This is true that those people who participate at commercial barns are im=ohred in a sport that has risks. The issue here is that those people know they are at risk in their sport of choice and they sign release forms in order to participate. Visitors to the cemetery perhaps should know that the emergency response time is longer than in an, area more closely located to a city. They should know that there are drivers in the area that show a patent disregard for safety and participate in races,side shows and other dangerous activities whether legal or not. They should know that directions to the location are lengthy and confusing and that they will encounter many bicyclists,hikers, motorcyclists, narrow winding roads with no shoulders or passing lanes of any significance and that there are times when visibility is minimal with blinding,glare, especially on Alhambra Valley Read in the afternoon,tole fog,and a complete absence of street lighting. One of the notations of business hours say the cemetery will be open.from S AM until dusk(there are a couple of versions of operating hours)and anyone-Who leaves the cemetery at S PM will encounter darkness during the winter and commute traffic all year. There are slippery roads when vet or icy and short lines of site in the ending sections that limit hove far ahead one can see other types of traffic including impatient drivers who pass in a dangerous way. There is very little room for cars in apposing lanes to pass if there are cyclists on the road. It will be important to note that there is not a gas station for Rr1ILl✓S. Letter from Archer/Norris: "They operate wells near the creek —without county oversight„ What does that have to do with anything?The cemetery leach field is near the creek Letter from Archer/Norris: "The County Code allows this use in the A-2 zone, and recognizes that cemeteries are compatible with nearby agricultural and related uses." The county Code requires a special land use 't so that individual projects can be examined in detail and when a project is so diametrically different then the surrounding area, it gives them the responsibility of denying the permit Letter from Archer/Norris: "Gan Shalom Cemetery was carefully planned and designed to avoid affecting the neighborhood." "Carefully planned and designed to avoid affechng the neighborhood does not mean adding left turn lanes,From Page S-11 of the staff report: The main entrance will be off of Bear Creek load. The entry gate will be set back approximately 32 feet from the edge of Bear Creek road to allow vehicles to safely exit the roadway and enter the property, and to provide queuing space avoiding backups onto the road." It is important to look at the entrance drawing,to see how it gill affect the neighborhood. The drawing shrews a stone type v4rall with iron gate,pointed tops as the central point and then the fencing which is icon continues out from that storte wall. The fence"is to be erected to enclose the 7.7-acre first phase so that the undeveloped portion 7 of the property can continue to be used for gazing. Other references to the surrounding fence included some rather types. I believe carie of the types mentioned was razor wire. That not only affects the neighborhood character, it poses risks to wildlife as mentioned in the Muir Heritage Lana Trust letter in the public comment section of the Staff Report#1. Letter from Archer/Norris: "The low level of activity will not cause any nuisance,or harm public.health,safety or welfare." Public health,safety and welfare require diligence when water supplies are questionable. All the above stated responses fall under those three and are not,so far, mitigated with enough information to warrant an approval of the application. There is no mention of vandalism and midnight parties. Surely an isolated cemetery may be attractive to those without regard for property and should be of concern to the owner of the cemetery and their clientele. Letter from Archer/Norris: "Traffic Will Be Minimal With No Impact The applicant submitted a traffic study prepared by Abrams Associates,a well-respected transportation consultant." If only the Summary was reviewed by the county then perhaps they should ask to see the site count. The test-A-as made by a two-hour count on March 27,2002. The count was made from 1:00 PM to 3:00 PM on a Wednesday. This report registered only those cars which transversed the intersection of Alhambra Valley Road and Beat Creek/Pereira. There was NO count of the traffic that is generated.from Qrinda to the cemetery and the residents/barns BEFORE Alhambra. The traffic report issued by the county for June 5, 2002 for Wednesday and just from Happy Valley Road nortlh there were 488 cars north bound and 535 cars southbound with most of that count occurring between.6 ASI and 8 PM. That's a total of 1023 and includes commute times. The big impact may be on Camino Pablo/San Pablo Dam Road where 15,437 cars passed in both directions in a 24-hour count dune in July of 2€02. Letter from Archer/Norris: "Mr. Abrams'results were reviewed and accepted by county staff. There is no risk of increased congestion,or safety hazards,or.any other h-affic- related problem." The traffic related problems have not to do with numbers though.Haase will surely increase but with the types of road,the distance,the lack of passing lanes or shoulders. The Petery at Rolling Hills is probably less than 1000 yards from Interstate 80 and therefore funeral processions to Rolling Hills would not experience the same problems as there is plenty of passing room on the interstate,directions can be I concise,traffic will fit in with the normal flow. Letter from Archer/Norris: "The cemetery will average only 34 funerals per weep----less than l per day. They will occur during the non peak traffic hours." Possibly. Yet Rolling Hills consistently has four or five or more per BAYe Letter from Archer/Norris: "There will be few visitors on a typical day, Funeral processions tend to move at a safe speed. Individuals driving to or from a cemetery tend not to speed(unlike many of the drivers now using Bear Creek Road). " Its true that there is a LOT of speeding on Bear Creek load. Lack of police/sheriff/CHP personnel, funding, time constraints contribute to the FACT that this area is not patrolled as often as it could be. That means that those who cone to visit. come to funerals,become a part of that scenario and are at risk.. It is especially dangerous for those unfamiliar with roads,who are on narrow parts of the access routes or are elderly and not as quick to watch out for speeders,motorcyclists,bicyclists and others who risk using those roads. Letter from Archer/Norris: "The entrance will be safely designed,with adequate queuing space plus room for turning." If a procession is coining from Orinda,there is talk of a left turn lane. and"with adequate queuing space" one has to ask.how LONG the left turn lane will be,and where is the space for adding another lane width in that section of Bear Creek Road going to comae from? Letter from Archer/Norris: "Thais property could be developed with a large commercial stable and riding arena without any permit." And that is because it is consistent with agricultural/recreational Open Space uses. All building activity Muires a permit. Just not a special land use perrrait when the decision about appropriate use is critical. Letter from Archer/Norris: "Such an operation would generate more traffic and cause greater effects on the neighbors than a cemetery." At 1000 graves per acre times 30 acres of eventual development with funerals, special visitation days,pre-purchase examinations,not. Letter from Archer/Norris: "The opponents offer no data or other evidence to support their complaints of traffic or other impacts---just unfounded fear and speculation." And many,many years of living in this situation. This is experience haat cannot be duplicated,and should not be ignored. If, at the initial introductory site party,real attention had been paid to WRITTEN concerns that were given to the applicants(copies of which were delivered to the county along with a similar"letter of concern" signed by more than 90 residents)---if they had sat down mid listened to that experience before purchasing the property, this amount of money and time spent could have been avoided_ The neighbors tried to convey this information. 9 Letter from Archer/Norris: ",There Is No Risk Of Any Impact On Neighbors'Water Supplies At the County's request the applicant conducted extensive testing of water capacity from its existing well." The neighbors asked for a test that would closely resemble the usage,the seasonal aspects of well water in this location in the form of a 7-day test in.Spring and late Fall. Spring went the groundwater level is at its highest and Fall when in fact it is at its lowest Failure to do that shows that the applicants and the county is guessing at the results the actual test produced. The test was 24 hours of drawdown and 24 hours of recharge which certainly does not reflect the amount of water that will be used in just the first acre,certainly not the first five or ten.. The test did not reflect the usage. And the numbers don't lie. Letter from Archer/Norris: "The results of that work were carefully reviewed by the applicant`s consultant Engeo,by the County's independent consultant Geoconsultants,and by the County planner in charge of this project who also has expertise in groundwater matters. They all concluded that the well can supply sufficient water to support the cemetery,without any risk of harm to the neighbors'water supply." See the Status Report. Look at the numbers. The well never reached an underground river or other source of continuing water. The NUMBERS drop the ggtfire 24 hours,there was NEVER a point where the water reached ANY equilibrium. The NUMBERS show that 24 hours after the test,the well did not even completely recover. It does not tie a.brain surgeon to know that if you do that day after day the water will be gone! This is supported by the work of Dr. Gordon Thrupp,an imminent hydrologist,who has the latest,most current engineering expertise at his fingertips. Status Report##1 dated 3121/03,on page L "Vire now that§88-2.404 specifically requires that a land use permit for a cemetery must be denied if the County makes any of the following findings: • The establishment or maintenance of the cemetery will or may jeopardize public z health,safety or welfare. "The taking of water/depletion of ground water supply,if proven here,would fall within this category and potentially could be grounds.the County could utilize in denying the use permit." and on page 3 the footnotes states: "we understand from talking with you that such testing may meed to be performed in such a manner(and in such a duration)as to accurately measure the drainage impact on adjacent lands. We understand,for example,that if the underlying water is not a river,or aquifer,but rather captured in pockets or in loose sands,or in a"sponge-like" environment,then the monitoring well approach may not adequately measure the trace impact of ground water depletion." The county may well be aware of the type of aquifer that may exist at the property. 10 Letter from Archer/Norris: "The opponents'consultant challenges those conclusions. However,Engeo and Geoconsultants reviewed his claims and determined that his analysis is based on faulty assumptions and incorrect use of data.. " This about one of the top hydrogeolists in the country. The NUMBERS speak for themselves and if that is not load enough,look at the tinning. The well was tested can May 29/30 right at the end of a heavy rain season. When Ave had asked for an additional test at the end of the dry season,the request was refused. If thne was any additional testing in August through the end of September,that complete pump test should be added to the records available to the public. Letter from Archer/Norris: "His [Dr. Thrupp]fears that other wells will be affected are unfounded." See letter dated December 4 or 5,2003 from lir. Thmpp of S.S. papadopulos/San Francisco in staff report. Read carefully. Not so. They are faun in science. They keep repeating that his calculations are incorrect How is that possible when Lir. Thrupp IS USING' °[SIR NU1 ERS! Letter from Archer/Norris: "Nevertheless,in an excess of caution County staff are proposing a series of conditions to address this concern.Water use and multiple observation wells will be carefully monitored during the life of the cemetery.An early warning system will trigger more detailed study and reductions in water use before any drawdown effect extends beyond the property line." If that drawdown effect happens on a regular basis.,and either within the first 24 hours or longer as a result of pulling on an aquifer which is further away,it will still affect ether wells beyond the property lane. 'There is no landscape use existing in the county and complying with zoning,that uses as much water as turf The water use as it will be needed in the.Phase I section.needs to be tested with monitoring criteria which MATCHES the site use for the.first phase,at the least BEFORE any work,any,grave sites/landscaping/drainage,is started. Water failure is an option for a household,even for a stable. People can move,stables can track or close down,reduce number of horses but people who have fancily members buried at the GS location would definitely take issue if the c etery was unable to continue operation or change the type of landscaping they have.people pay goal money for burial plots,even more for mausoleums. What would be the cost of moving the residents of a cemetery? What would be the emotional price for families? I cannot help but wonder why GS would not RACE to prove that they have enough water,to show that we,the neighbors are wrong.Why woulcWt they want to do that? Letter from Archer/Norris: "Recycling and other measures will be required if circumstances require." See Steelhead above. It also applies to the general overall recharging of the valley aquifers,fragmented or otherwise. i1 Letter from Archer/Norris: "In a worst-case situation well pumping will be reduced as necessary----even if it means replacing grass with ether groundcover. " If this is the case,who will monitor the replacement?Religious cemeteries are exempt from the cemetery rules that apply to all other cemeteries. What other ground cover will work?There has been nothing said about the gopher problem and turf. How will they address that issue? The one neighbor who has about a 10x20 sq. it hatch of grass is a landscape contractor and he knew enough to lay 2 LAYERS of chicken wire under the entire patch. Will CS do that?How will they open gravesites through two layers of chicken wire? What is the alternative permanent solation? Letter from Archer/Norris: "This package of conditions represents a failsafe system to protect the neighbors. There is absolutely no credible risk that the project as conditioned might cause any significant impact on water supply or water quality." What are the conditions of the system that protect neighbors having to drill deeper wells? Who pays the cost?Who pays for the distress of having no water if the "failsafe system" fails to work?There is already distress. Credible?I think the GS numbers on the 24-hour test are credible. It's CIS that's in denial. Letter from Archer/Norris: "This ends the discussion for the purposes ofCEQA;no further study is needed, and an EIR certainly is not justified." It may end their discussion but not ours. We must continue to chip away at the buffer zone they have constructed around the facts. The numbers can the well test are enough for a complete EIR,the minimal traffic report deems a further study,the interest of the creek people and the land trust people mean that the audienc&concerned people reach far outside the NIMBY thing and for far better reasons. This is more than a surface concern. It gees deep into the needs of all the people who enjoy the area. Letter from Archer/Norris: "Can Shalom representatives observed at least three new wells being drilled in the vicinity last summer,apparently without any County approvals.11 The county is involved in all new wells. Were they new wells being drilled or existing wells made deeper, being cleaned?They were for domestic use. Again the commercial learns do not provide water for people,but local houses need to have a. reliable source or they have tanks that water is trucked to. Letter from Archer/Norris: "research into potential adverse effects" Each family does what it trust do and we livre with the results. We talk to one another. We are not watering 2 or 5, 10 or 30 acres of grass. people, live ones, are more important than grass. 12 Letter from Archer/Norris: "or consideration of possible impacts on neighbors. Can Shalom certainty was not consulted as to the wells' effects on its legitimate water rights." GS has legitimate water rights the same as anyone else as far as a"propWs domestic vi ater rights". It's when the usage goes beyond the agricultural domestic character and when the county itself requires a special land use permit for the project that ones "rights" are questioned because the IS a responsibility to others. Letter from Archer/Norris: "It is important to note that in the past.the Gan Shalom property was used to grow tomatoes and hay,both of which required more water than the cemetery. " Fact: Winter hay is never watered.. The rain does that. To use that as an example of prior usage shows only that GS didn't bother to get accurate facts and it weakens the GS case. The tomatoes were NEVEM.watered from a well. The creek was dammed and the water piped to the area and the tomatoes watered until Fish and Game stopped it. Letter from Archer/Norris: "The land could be used today for active agriculture, irrigated pastures,horse stables and other types of use—without any County permits or restriction on water use." The land could be used today for active agriculture,irrigated pastures,horse stables and rather types of use—without any County permits or restriction on water use. And that use would quickly tell the user whether or not it was going to work If not,a stable,a farmer stupid enough to try active agriculture or irrigated pasture would quickly go out of business. That's because this is an agricultural preserve,not a commercial non- ag business area. If they go out of business they do not have to deal with what to do with people's ancestors. Letter from Archer/Norris: "The applicant's expert consultants will be available at the hearing to discuss these matters and answer any questions. We ask the Commission to follow staff's recommendations,adopt the mitigated negative declaration,and approve the cemetery permit." We ask the Cornmission to look more critically at their own staffs recommendation, deny the cemetery permit,or at least,replace the mitigated negative declaration with a needed full EIR.. 13 Letter from.LSA Associates/Malcolm J. Sproul/Principal Our comment is to the entire letter rather than parts. All the species found by EBNIUD(see report)and possibly PG&E(on site) are also on land that is heavily grazed and is highly disturbed but these species are still there. This is especially true for the Pavon Creek area next to the"developed" Carriage Dills site. One of the interesting points in the new(November 2003)Contra.Costa County Watershed Atlas, is that Pinole Creek is one of the few county creeks that has a series of flood plains that have helped to protect the viability somewhat of the creep. The tributaries from developed areas are seriously damaged and need reconstruction. "This is the effort that Friends of Pinole Creek has undertaken along with similar groups. It is the runoff from development that effects the creek,not grazing. What is also interesting is that the steelhea!d is not mentioned at all in CEQA but i~q in the original reports. Why?Especially when Pinole Creek is considered a very important creek with regards to the return of the steelhead. CONCLUSION: In light of the above citations about just two letters in the Staff Report #1,the fact that the Initial Study does not address individually the"Aesthetics, Creologies/Soils (reference the 2003 October earthquake epicenter northeast of Orinda.- noted in the CCTimes as a new fault). Hazards&Hazardous Materials(referring to not embalming and methods of burial),Public Services,potential Utilities/Service Systems, Noise,Recreation,Land Use(Planning, or Transportation/Traffic factors,possibly others, we ask for a full environmental impact report before this application is approved. Especially since under VIII Hydrology and Water Quality,(b.), (c.),(f.),or possibly(h.) is not satisfactorily addressed. Also by 2006, SB610 will require an inventory of existing groundwater,assessing existing and future water needs, and then developing policies and implementation measures to integrate water demand with land use planning. As a major open space area, the new law does not appear applicable to lands outside the urban limit line such as Brianes Hills but perhaps the principles could be applied to prevent the waste of time and expenditure of money that this application has required. There are portions of the property in the 100 year flood zone as an adjoining neighbor was denied flood insurance for that very reason. It seems that it is critical to have this inventory,because if a cemetery such as Gan Shalom which will have a final size of 30+acres,uses a similar amount of water as Sunset View in Kensington that has approximately the same acreage, even though Sunset View is in a more moderate climate with frequent fog exposure during the summer months, it uses 21.8 MILLION gallons of EBMUD water per year,all during the summer months when the Briones water table is most at risk. That information is available on the EBMM website and refers to raw water purchased from EBMUD. Last quote about water: in the"Impact" section under water resources,Page 28 of the CEQA,the applicant states clearly: "Analysis of the pump test data indicates there is sufficient groundwater for at beast the Phase I area. There are various numbers given for what the cemetery would need. It will be necessary to extrapolate those numbers for 1 acre, and increments up to 30 to have a clear picture. Good evening, My name is John Pereira. My family has lived In the Alhambra Valley/ Bear geek area for over 100 years. I am here tonight to express my concern about the proposed cemetery and its impact on the Integrity of this valley, not only today but for future generations. Residents in this area were led to believe when the Briones Hills Agricultural Preserve was established, the agricultural environment of this area would be respected and protected for the future. In Contra Costa County, large cemeteries are located in urban, not agricultural areas for good reasons. I am a real estate broker selling land In this area for over 30 years. I have personally seen agricultural related businesses such as a large animal clinic be discouraged by the County Planning staff. They were told a clinic did not fit the land use, it was too commercial, and it would provide increased traffic. Is a cemetery business less commercial? Will a cemetery bring less traffic? How can the use of the land for a cemetery even be considered? Already we have heard statements from the proponents of the cemetery that the horse facilities across the road provide undesirable views. Will this be another case like Buchanan Fields where the people buy homes in the path of the airport with full knowledge of the airport business, and after they move into their homes, they want the airport business to stop and the airport to be moved? Where will the horse facilities go if they are not welcome in a rural, agricultural area -- they certainly will not be welcome in the urban areas. This IS the Briones Hills Agricultural Preserve - what fits better - horses or a cemetery business? The value of this rural land will be diminished by the presence of a cemetery. This lessening of land value is in DIRECT CONFLICT with county codes for land use. My mere disclosure that a .cemetery will be developed on this site has turned away potential buyers of adjacent land. The cemetery site is located on the floor of a valley. It is visible for great distances, therefore impacting more that just adjacent parcels. The residents will be viewing an 9 foot fence with 3 rows of barbed wire on top, if the development follows the recommendations in the letter from the sheriffs office Additionally, bright lights during non-daylight hours are suggested. Now can this possibly not affect the land values? Would you want to live next with this? Cemetery developers feel confident that water is not an issue, though experience shows that water IS a concern. Wells on adjacent property provide 4 1l2 gallons per minutes and barely 3. Across the road, multiple well locations have been drilled and county minimum standards still could not be met. Perhaps the cemetery developers need to be more realistic about their need for water, and do extended testing to determine the actual amounts that will be available to them year round. In conclusion, I strongly urge a no vote on this issue. Without this, the effect on the lives of the people, animals, and vegetation in this valley would be tragic. Thank you for your time. Richard & Linda Sutton 230 Bear Oaks Martinez, CA 94553 (925) 229-4054 To The Contra Costa County Planning Commission, Since speakin at the last meeting in opposition to the proposed Mitigated Negative Declarationylor foam Shalom Cemetery, l have copied for your edification these records. They substantiate my reference to sensitive and endangered species in the Briones Hills Preserve, I also hereby officially request that the Planning Commission deny this permit, or at the very least require a full Elly with regard to sec. 88-2.404 of the County Code. 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SOS a 0 0 O 0 C07 o 25 O 00 O O 00 N -+: r t•7 ` Y P r Y Y (V t V 4 V ` f� ~ `� \ r. +V P .- -N... •N.. � � � � N � � �� � .Y.. Pr Ct � rL`d � N ..,. Nr e`"� r i c r r7 M M c') r7 M et �t V �t ice• tom• O`7 tri r r V M ttS in h� h- � t`[� tt`7 til tt itY t`D tD i`. t'U eo # # ,�.-'„ � ! 4� � O� �ii O � �' Cly �• ry # � {� C"1 (7 M O+ '..5+'• Com'+ N t`4 i �^p f �° N� ,� o ES7 s V o w w mo o" 55 ° i caroOR res Cox O 1 O• s '' '� Z UCs' co 'x3 Wim+ 0, CSI O � # € s y � s t E My name is Bruce Felter and I am a 15 year resident of Briones Hills Agricultural Preserve. My family and I live at 1085 Bear Creek Road, which is located at the corner of Bear Creek.Road and Hampiton Road. I'm a retired IBEW Local 6 electrician of 35 years. I believe the permit to allow this cemetery should be denied per County Code Chapter 88-2.404(b)(1)(2) and (5)because this development may jeopardize or adversely affect the public health, safety, comfort, or welfare; and the establishment will or may reasonably be expected to be a public nuisance; and the proposed cemetery is not consistent with the general plan of the county or the orderly development and growth of the county. Regarding public safety comfort, or welfare; right across the street from my home is Hampton Road, one of the proposed boundaries of the cemetery. Often there are youths parked on that road at night and from the empty bottles and garbage you can see the next morning, it's obvious what took place.the night before. Sometimes they drag race up and down Hampton Road, we call the police and by the time they arrive,usually 30 to 45 minutes or longer, the perpetrators are gone. There aren't any streetlights or sidewalks in our area. It's total darkness at night. Dumping garbage, mattresses, appliances, shooting street signs, I have a bullet hole in my house, spray painting, destroying mail boxes, stealing mail, goes on all the time. There is a dumped water heater, right now, across the road from the proposed entrance to the cemetery. Carole Dwinell, one of our neighbors, had her car broken into outside of here house in December and the contents were stolen. Another neighbor, had a fence knocked down by vandals driving a car. Why do all these things happen?Because our area is not highly populated and consequently rarely patrolled. Vandals, drinkers, thieves and racers can get in and out of our area undetected by police. After learning about this proposed development,the Contra Costa Sheriff's Department sent a letter to Darwin Myers Associates, dated January 6, 2004,listing their concerns about the site as a possible public nuisance and listing recommendations. They say, "A cemetery, religiously based or not has the potential to attract illegal activity to it. As a religiously based cemetery, this project has the added potential of attracting hate-based individuals or groups". "Of additional concern with regard to cemeteries, is their appeal to juveniles as a prime location to consume alcohol and/or narcotics. This is typically enhanced if the site is not monitored during the evening hours. After hour premise security is a primary concern. It is recommended that at least one dedicated security officer be on premise and patrol the property during the hours of diminished light." "It is recommended that the perimeter fencing be eight feet in height and constructed of a chain link material or better. A six-foot cyclone fence topped with three-strand barbed wire will suffice. The fencing should run the entire perimeter of the property." "Parking lots, footpaths, passageways, aisles, recesses and grounds contiguous to buildings, should be provided with sufficient lighting, of sufficient wattage to provide illumination, to make clearly visible the presence of any person on or about the premise during the hours of darkness. Fixtures should be installed at a height sufficient to deter vandalism." This property lies within the Briones Hills Agricultural Preserve. The Gan Shalom representatives said that the cemetery would continue to look like the surrounding agricultural area, because the headstones would be level with the earth. How can this statement be true? There are no 8' high chain-link fences with stranded wire at the top in this neighborhood. There are no properties that have every path, road,building, passageways, recess and parking area lit at night to resemble a shopping mall, or a public parking lot. There are no properties fenced to resemble a correctional facility and none to my knowledge employing private security guards. And a security guard does not have police powers. A guard is not able to stop cars or write citations. The only thing a security guard can do is call the police like the rest of us and wait for a thirty or so minute response, This is a commercial development not based on the agricultural or rural nature of the area and is not consistent with the general plan or development of the area or the preserve. Please deny the land use permit. Thank you Lawrence E. Nunes, 100 Via Domingos, Martinez, CA., 94553, Ph. 925-200-8961 January 13, 2004 Darwin Myers Community Development Department Contra Costa County 651 Pine St., North wing, 4"'. Floor Martinez, CA.; 94553 Dear Mr. Myers and Planning Commission Members, My name is Lawrence Nunes. My family resides one half mile East of the proposed cemetery property. CDD File#LP022068. My family has been in this area for over 130 years. During this time we have ranched cattle and farmed hay and tomatoes. For the last fifty years we have also worked in local Fire Departments. I am currently a Fire Captain with twenty-five years experience in the area. During fifteen of those years my duties have included Emergency Vehicle Driving Instructor. I feel it is my duty not only as a citizen but also as a public servant to report to you, the local citizens and the people of the applicant's congregation that the public safety in this area of the county will be adversely affected to an unacceptable level if this project is approved. The County Sheriffs report contained in your staff report, which came out late in the process requires conditions or changes to the proposed project that by them selves bring this proposal to a further unacceptable level. I have driven fire engines on these roads and the conditions are very difficult at best. I was involved in an accident in a fire engine at the blind turn on the East side of the proposed chapel driveway. The accident was due to the narrow roads, (nineteen feet wide at this location). There is an over ten minute response time to the area from the nearest staffed station. This is double the acceptable time for an emergency response in an urban area. Add to this the time it takes to get to a hospital in the ambulance and it increases to twenty to thirty minutes or more. 2 When that station is out on it's six to seven calls it has each day, the second due unit has an over fifteen minute response time. This is three times a normal response time for locations inside the urban limit line. This would result in up to and over an hour to get to a hospital. It may get worse if that station is moved to an even farther location from Upper Happy Valley Road, this is being discussed with the Supervisors. There were over forty emergency incidents on Bear Creek and Alhambra Valley Roads last year. Most incidents were medical and trauma in nature. Of those, twelve were vehicle accidents. Six resulted in fatalities, all due to high spuds on unfamiliar roads. Emergency response is difficult due to the narrow roads, the high-speed roads, blind turns and traffic. Traffic includes bicycles, motorcycles, horse riders and slow moving vehicles such as tractors, livestock trailers and water trucks. The additional traffic resulting from cemetery operations including funerals and visitors to existing graves, (which will increase in numbers over the years), will compound the hazards to a further unacceptable level of jeopardizing public safety. There are hundreds of residents in the area and approximately 1440 vehicles travel the roads each day. Thousands of visitors weekly visit the country roads and open spaces of the parklands and watersheds. These people know the risks of rural activity and make the personal choice to be there including the signing of waivers at the horse riding facilities. This has not included the impact a multi- million dollar commercial cemetery operation would have. The future patrons of the proposed cemetery are not aware of the public safety risk. Having this being the only available cemetery would eliminate being able to make a choice. The funerals in the afternoons will be at the same time local parents are picking up their children from the urban schools. Some of these schools are located at or near the urban limit lines on Happy Valley Road, Camino Pablo, and Alhambra Valley Road. Many other parents are coming from the urban areas bringing their children to the local after school riding classes. All of the residents and visitors including those that would be going to the proposed cemetery will all be at a dangerously increased risk due to the further negative impact of an already slow emergency response. This includes the elderly and the very young. As public servants we cannot ignore their safety. 3 Contra Costa County Code, Title 8, Chapter 88-2, article 88-2.404, section b, 1, states that a Special Land Use Permit shalt be denied If the establishment or maintenance of a proposed cemetery will jeopardize and adversely affect the public health, safety, comfort, or welfare of the public. Considering the public health, safety and welfare the only acceptable mitigation would be to place this at an urban location such as the other local cemeteries that have large areas of available space. Considering they inaccuracies of the initial study and the welfare of the public at large this permit should be denied. Sincerely, t� Lawrence E. Nunes A HEADS UP ON CYCLISTS THAT USE THE BEARS LOOP. Pierre La Plant 1727 Santa Clara,Richmond,CA 94804 I'm past-President of Grizzly Peak.Cyclists (about 500 members, mostly Alameda-CC Co). Active bicyclist in East Bay since 1967.Ph.D.from UC Berkeley and worked 15 years at LBNL. Retired. Live with spouse(native of Kensington)in Richmond,Contra Costa County, where we just bought our first house,primarily because it's a good cycling area. Use bikes for.most local errands, and actually went without owning a car for four years. We ride Briones loop about once a week.,and NEVER take a car. Most cyclists I knew,just ride from the east-bay thru Tilden or thru El Sobcante. On weekends,I do see that "out-of towners"from Davis,Fremont,etc,use cars to get to the area and parr. But even they don't*drive*the Briones loop, parking in Orinda instead. The more society develops areas near cities,the more people will need to travel for recreation. So, in addition to the traffic ,generated by the cemetery,them will be additional traffic *everywhere else* caused by the p=eople who used to cycle to Briones and now drive to Duncan Mills. I've seen it happen. GPC never cycles *to* Livermore anymore. We take cars and then.ride Mines Road.What a mess! Here are some numbers. Grizzly Peak Cyclists schedule sometines once per week+=50/year. 5-50 riders. 10 average. 800 riders rode the North loop(Bear Creek Road loop)of the Grizzly Peak Century in May 2003 There are usually 20 to 30 clubs scheduled rides each year,and at least 2-3 centuries put on by Grizzly Peak.Cyclists (1), Valley Spokesmen(1.) and others It important to bicyclists from all over the Bay Area to keep this area as an agricultural preserve because one of the main advantages of the Bay Area is that there is lots of parks,but there needs to be more concern about the roads to,or near them,not to mention the surrounding cities in more than just Contra Costa. County.BART opens up the Bears l oop to cyclists from all over the Bay Area. How many races,both cycling and triathlons take place out here?There's at least two recognized races,the Pinole Team Time Trial and the Berkeley Hills Road Race, there are several triathalon groups that train out here as well as people who ride charity rides to raise money for important causes like breast cancer. The cyclists come Brom everywhere. Most use the Bears loop for a regular training ride and ride from their homes. Others come from as far away as Napa, Davis, San Jose to do the infamous Bears. Its a treat. Let's.keep it that way. BRIONES HILLS MATT TAYLOR 2426 Monterey ave. Martinez Landowner @-160 Via Domingos UNION ELECTRICIAN FIRE FIGHTER. STATION 19 Of the eight separate comment papers I've sent in,stating why this permit should be denied under chapter-88-2, THERE ARE MORE COMMENTS THAT NEED TO BE STATED. I believe that this PREPARED MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION is a TRAVESTY to the community and the county. An E .I . R . HAS TO BE IMPLEMENTED! The 4000 sq foot building for the funeral sanctuary is to hold 90 people? - QUOTE - "what we lack now is a funeral sanctuary which can hold 200 to 300 people"UN QUOTE- ( .THE JEWISH NEWS WEEKLY OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA,referring to GAN SHOLLOM acquiring acreage in Martinez.) HOW MANY PEOPLE CAN YOU FIT IN A 4000 sq ft BUILDING? WILL PHASE 2 THRU 5 HAVE EVEN MORE BUILDINGS 90 PEOPLE IS ABOUT 1 MILE OF CARS,FOR 300 PEOPLE MULTIPLY by X 4 + —I do feel for the people planing for the deceased .In two years they are to run out of space. "JEWISH population has increased tremendously in recent times,the need for more space has nearly tripled". (Jewish news weekly) It was stated that their would be about 4 processions a week. SHOULD WE MULTIPLY THAT by X 3. In 2 years the other cemetery's run out of space,what is our MULTIPLIER THEN . The proposed entrance will be a recipe for disaster. The cars coming from Orinda will be making a left hand turn, in front of a blind S turn . Accidents are foreseeable. Head ons,T-bones,rear ends,vehicles in the creek, and more. Across the street from the proposed entrance is 1141 bear creek rd. GEORGE HESS 84 YEAR OLD and a LONG TIME RESIDENT,who I talked to last week,blames ENGEO FOR HIS SAND SUCKING WELL. Mr Hess is looking to drill a bigger deeper well. Who's to say his well won't make ENGEO'S well suck sand. THEN STARTS THE WATER WARS,bringing in even more water trucks to the entire area. The heavy fertilization of over 30-Acers, " IT'S NOT A MATTER OF IF-IT'S A MATTER.OF WHEN THE CREEK.DIES "! An unproven leachen and waste water reclamation system..Even if they use a liner comparable to that of a Land fill type,how will they dispose of this spent waste. MORE TRUCKS?! 1S THE DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME AWARE OF THIS SPENT WASTE Caskets—from a pine box to a metal gasketed,protective sealer,they all will have water going in thru and out. ISN'T THIS ALSO LEACHEN WATER.. This reclamation system in the raining season,will stop 30-acres of grasslands from replenishing the ground water table that not only the wells need , but also the creek. The mitigated LOW water levels of monitor wells will be below the bottom of the creek bed and that is bad news not only to the current ecosystem, but to the C.C.C. FISH&WILDLIFE COMMITTEE,AQUATIC OUTREACH PROGRAM,N.O.A.A. FISHERIES, FRIENDS OF PINOLE CREEK, and the Species of Special Concern recognized by the DEPARTMENT OF FISH @ GAME. A 100 ft-buffer zone to the creek .When the earth movers start cutting phase I thru 5 ,the gopher population will be driven to this zone.THAT'S AS FAR AWAY AS FROM HOME PLATE TO FIRST BASE. THE ZONE WILL BE- A LABYRINTH OF GOPHER.TUNNELS LEADING RIGHT TO THE CREEKS BANK. In JOHN MUIR'S day,they use to come out to this valley by horse and buggy,to picnic in the beautiful surroundings . WOULD JOHN MUIR DEMANED AN E . I . R. AS an agricultural preserve,the heart of the preserve is the BRIONES HILLS. The planning commission of 1987 established this COUNTY GENERAL PLAN. THIS CEMETERY WILL OPEN THE PANDORAS BOX TO URBANIZATION, WHICH THE GENERAL PLAN DOES NOT SUPPORT Once the first casket is placed in the ground,water will be expected for all of eternity. AND THERE ARE NO GUARANTEES ON WELL WATER GAN SHALLOM WILL BE EXPECTING 3 to 5 million dollars an acer for this commercial development .Will this be , financially, enough money to pipe water and waste water to an urban area . 88-2.402{4} As stated by one of the representatives of GAN SHALLOM"WE WERE TRYING TO GET AROUND THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT" WHO ELSE ARE THEY TRYING TO GET AROUND, WILL THIS BE OPEN TO LITIGATION ? update on winter read conditions for the Briones Hills" 1-01-04 The annual mudslide at Alhambra Valley Rd . .Before the bowl & bolder hazzards after the bowl. -Fallen tree knocked down PG&E POWER LINES @HAMPTON Rd. with a 7 hr response time to clear the road -Slippery road conditions on Lipper Happy Valley Rd. -Alhambra Valley rd. east of Bear Creek Rd.-eucalypts debris in road. -expect black ice in the next three months -heavy fog advisory expected -creeks over flowing could wash out roads -backed up culverts flooding road ways How is a funeral procession coming from any direction going to change direction with these road conditions in the valley . "What we lack now is a funeral sanctuary which can hold 200 to 300 people," he said. "We are hoping somewhere along the line we can obtain that to round out the picture." Plans are also under way to build an all-Jewish cemetery, Gan Shalom, in the East Bay. The cemetery, whose location has not yet been confirmed,will be operated solely by the Sinai Memorial Chapel and is expected to open in two years. Last year,the Bulletin reported that Gan Shalom acquired the option to purchase 79 acres in the Martinez-Hercules area,but Clan Shalom has since decided not to build a cemetery on that land, according to Lefelstein. In the meantime,the expansion at Oakmont will bring the number of Jewish burial sites there to nearly 1,000. "Hopefully,Sinai will continue to establish a name in the East Bay by being of service to everyone," Nissim said. "The new plots will establish continuity and in about two years,Gan Shalom will be ready to take over." In addition to the Sinai burial gardens, several East Bay synagogues have cemeteries, including Home of Peace Cemetery,operated by Oakland's Beth Jacob Congregation;Horne of Eternity, operated by Oakland's Temple Sinai; Danville's Beth Chaim Congregation Cemetery; and Garden of Tranquility,for members of Lafayette's Temple Isaiah. Copyright Notice ("c) 1998, Sara Francisco Jewish Community Publications Inc., dba.Jewish Bulletin of Northern California. All rights reservers. This material may not be reproduced in any.form without permission. http://www.jewishsf.corn/content/2-0-/Module/displsystory/story_id/9076/farmat/print/displ... 1/6/2004 CIO � f e c ec clan > e cl n > ec cLe Water-> Eistin Iecyclin ect Existing Water Recycling Projects EBMUD currently provides recycled water to 8 sites for non-residential irrigation, commercial and industrial uses. iter Recycling & Nonpotablestar* Projects in Operation Project and Location Type sav ��- / } Laura Dwinell Escobedo 249 Topaz Street Redwood City, CA 94062 650-368-4084 Formerly of 2011 Bear Oaks Court Martinez, CA 94553 Dear Commissioners, I want to thank you for taking the time to read this letter, and hope that it has information that you End helpful in coming to your decision about a permit for Gan Shalom Inc. There a few issues on which I would like to shed maybe a different perspective. My parents, Carole and Roger Dwinell moved to the Briones Hills Agricultural Preserve (before it was a Preserve)in 1983 much to my horror. Bering 18 years of age I thought it was the worst thing they could of done,especially after growing up in Berkeley. No buses, no stores,no CABLE??! How could they? I soon come to reverse that opinion. It is a very unique place and over the past 20 years I have discovered new things about the area, on my own and now with my children. The triplets are five and LOVE to go to grandma and grandpa's farm and play with the horses and their aunt and grandparents,ride the tractor.All things that you can't do in the city.My grandmother lived with us.for her final years,my brother still lives there with his wife and baby.That's four generations. WATER: Living there for about 101 years while going to school,I saw my father straggle to have a small garden and watch it die year after yea. From the water, from the local tidbit seeking wildlife and from the conditions that exist in the area. It depends on rain to grow things, if there is no rain, things don't grow. The only time we see green is in the spring. Most cemeteries that I have gone to have meticulously groomed.lawns. And Gan Shalom Inc. is talking about 30 acres! COMMERCIAL STABLES: Yes, there are stables and boarding businesses in the area, but they are in the business of an "agricultural" animal.And while the horses no longer do the farming, they have adapted and are used for enjoyment and sport. Many of those stables offer programs for the disabled,mentally challenged and disadvantaged youth of the county. Last time I checked,burial doesn't quite fall in those categories. A cemetery,any cemetery,even if they leave open space, the use is still overall not intended for agricultural purposes. SERVING THE COMMUNITY-the cemetary will serve the needs of a small portion of the community at large,30,000 Jewish residents, while the parks,trails, riding schools and boarding stables serve all who wish to go there. I would hate to see a Colma City spring up in that beautiful area. It is a beautiful and I could see why loved ones would pick this area to have as a final resting place for their deceased, but they are in a much more beautiful place at this time and have no need for it. It is for the living that we want the beautiful lawns, the view and so on. _._.. _.. There is space at another cemetary,30 acres, their proposed usage for the next 125 years, in Contra Costa County close to real roads that could allow them to operate. PROMISES-If the permit is granted, Gan Shalom Inc. says that monuments or plaques will be flush to the ground, but what about five years from now if their congregations demand elaborate monuments, will the county then promise to deny the request?They say that there will be an average of only four burials a week, will there be a condition that will limit them to only four burials on average a week, with no more than the 90 persons allowed attending that their chapel can hold?Will the cemetery be accessible to non Jewish residents of Contra Costa County?And if not, what restrictions will be placed on the number of burials per day?As other countries Jewish cemetaries run out of space,will they be allowed to start using this facility? Will I, a non-Jewish member of society be allowed to be buried there? If the Catholic community or Muslim community, or the public/private sector runs out of room, will they be allowed to move into that area now that precedent has been set?My hope is that you will not grant this petition. It serves the needs of the few, if you approve the permit it will impact many,and not just local residents. Please, I know this is a difficult decision, and that as always,you will make one side angry no matter which way you choose, but I hope you held to the vision of the plan that was written in 1988 and preserve this area for all members of Contra Costa County and the greater Bay Area. Thank.You, Laura Escobedo J,the Jewish nevus weekly of Northern California,,formerly the Jewish Bulletin of Northern California http://www.jewishsteom/content/2-0-/Modult/displaystory/story idl9076lformatlhtmi/displaystory.htmi Sinai adds second Jewish area to Lafayette cemetery JOSHUA SCHUSTER Bulletin.Intern Sinai Memorial Chapel,the only Jewish mortuary in the Bay Area,has established a new burial garden in the Oakmont Memorial Park in Lafayette to meet the needs of Contra.Costa's rapidly growing Jewish community. Susan Lefelstein,East Bay director of Sinai Memorial Chapel, said that since "Jewish population has increased tremendously in recent times,the need for more space has nearly tripled. Fortunately, Sinai Chapel is able to provide for that need." The new section,named Can Rachamim(Garden of Compassion)will contain almost 350 spaces. The site will be next to Oakmonfs current Jewish burial garden,the Carden of Remembrance,which has 600 spaces and is nearly filled. A consecration ceremony will be held at 11 a.m. Sunday at Oakmont, 2099 Reliez Valley Read. Rabbi Cordon Freeman of Congregation B"nai Shalom will conduct the service,which is open to the public. For information, call Susan Lefelstein(925)284-3945. The burial area will include a special Wall of Remembrance with bronze plaques for those who do not have burial plots. "The Wall of Remembrance will be the only one of its kind in the Bay Area," Lefelstein said. "It is a special feature and a needed feature. It is for people who have been cremated and also for those who did not survive the Holocaust." Clan Raehamim will be available to all Jews,both synagogue affiliated and nonaffiliated. The new burial garden continues Sinai's expansion in the East Bay. Sinai Chapel, originally located in San Francisca,established an East Bay office and the first Jewish cemetery in Contra Costa County in 1993. Matook Nissim,chair of Sinai's East Bay committee, stressed the importance of continuing to meet the needs of area residents. Before the Jewish area opened at Oakmont five years ago, Sinai was getting fewer than 40 calls a year from families in the Fast Bay.Now the mortuary is receiving 186 a year. "This shows there is a tremendous need to continue expansion," he said. ":Before we expanded into the East Bay,we used to have to transport the deceased bodies over the bridge to San Francisco so they could go through the process of the taharah ritual to purify the bodies. This upset me.Now that we have addressed that issue,there has not been a single problem." Nissim,who has been on the board of Sinai for more than 24 years, said "the timing could not be better. Of the first plots we purchased,there are only six left." http.//www jewishsfcom/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/907£/for at/print/displ... 1/6/2004 "What we lack now is a funeral sanctuary which can hold 200 to 300 people," he said. "We are hoping somewhere along the line we can obtain that to round out the picture." Plans are also under way to build an all-Jewish cemetery, Gan Shalom, in the East Bay. The cemetery, whose location has not yet been confirmed,will be operated solely by the Sinai Memorial Chapel and is expected to open in two years. Last year,the Bulletin reported that Gan Shalom acquired the option to purchase 79 acres in the Martinez-Hercules area,but Gan.Shalom has since decided not to build a cemetery on that land, according to Lefelstein. In the.meantime,the expansion at Oakmont will bring the number of Jewish burial sites there to nearly 1,000. "Hopefully, Sinai will continue to establish a name in the East Bay by being of service to everyone," Nissim said. "The new plots will establish continuity and in about two years, Gan Shalom will be ready to take over." In addition to the Sinai burial gardens, several East Bay synagogues have cemeteries, including Horne of Peace Cemetery,operated by Oakland's Beth Jacob Congregation; Home of Eternity, operated by Oakland's Temple Sinai;Danville"s Beth Chaim Congregation Cemetery; and Garden of Tranquility,for members of Lafayette's Temple Isaiah. Copyright Notice (c) 1998, San Francisco Jewish Community Publications Inc., dba Jewish Bulletin of Northern California.All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced in any form without permission. http://www jewishsf.com/contenV2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/9076/format/print/displ... 1!6/2004 Richard & Linda Sutton 1-2,, 230 Bear Oaks Martinez, CA 94553 d (925) 229-40154 To The Contra Costa County Planning Commission, Since speakin at the last meeting in opposition to the proposed Mitigated Negative Declarationor Gam Shalom Cemetery, l have copied for your edification these records. They substantiate my reference to sensitive and endangered species in the Briones Hills preserve. I also hereby officially request that the Planning Commission deny this permit, or at the very least require a full BlR with regard to sec. 88-2.404 of the County Cade. MOST Sincerely, L.D.Sutton J ht M . N 4. 4 R �I J = a. w NNNNNNNN •- � � � � `YY° YY� `ry' YYYYYSCYYYYrY' � YYYYYY � Y U a. a. m o- a_'cL CL a_ a. cL m CL a. a_ a. a. a. a. m iL. a. 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G y�,v, 1 �. w O d 1 o U o �, n tl C7 C7 n cn (^ �e � i I s m I ° y i °y r°7 ID R Cb Q fD p t CD Ln CL ycr y cs y C Ln C S pa p: 'rj V) © 1 cin n y I i w � '~' �tiC a Ems. yrs a --• I , p. �. to vii �'• � "'j � o'er ''-'` � m ° CD a H X °.y q y a M n o ncn vo co p ° res ? ! Ln CD y v' CL CD ' K Him, - - a D4 JPS f F'� 1+ 4 ! ci:mFtevycczverntatc y.r-rt*c.axsmleurn 4I Nil?lop Drive, Richmond, Cal0ornia 94803 . fSIC) 223-6161 " �� i f►s TY nrp�w���l l�r.;E:'it � " November 28, 2003 Carol Dwinell Post Office Box 1562 Martinez, California 94553-1562 Dear Ms. Dwinell: Thank you for your recent inquiry concerning the history and development of Rolling Hills Memorial Park over the past 45 years. Since 1960, Rolling Hills Memorial Park has grown to become one of California's largest cemeteries. Rollings Hills Memorial Park is owned and operated by Carriage Services. For more information, please visit http://netserv2.carriageservices.com/Extemal/index.htral. Presently, it is our privilege to serve an average of thirty to thirty-five families each week. Some of our families have five generations of loved ones within our 100 acres. Many religious organizations have purchased property within Rollings Hills to serve the needs of their congregation and faith groups. Several of the larger religious groups have actually purchased their own gardens within Rolling Hills. When a religious organization purchases enough acreage for 200 or more gravesites, Rolling Hills allows the organization to create a name for their property. Presently, Garden of Tel Shalom and Bethel Memory Gardens, I and II are examples of large group purchases. Please let me know if we may offer a proposal for your group. Regards, John E. Van de Water Assistant Sales Manager Advance Planning Division ." r!:"J C lfTd?�i'?(I:'/TJt.`J'1` i,:'f/'t' C'c�NCJt'r"1,• /,' M". /Zx?/!1f!(� 14MS Wi//'7�i Lawrence E. Nunes, 100 Vie Domingos, Martinez, CA., 94553, Ph. 925-200-8961 January 13, 2004 Darwin Myers Community Development Department Contra Costa County 651 Pine St., North wing, 0. Floor Martinez, CA., 94553 Dear Mr. Myers and Planning Commission Members, My name is Lawrence Nunes. My family resides one half mile East of the proposed cemetery property. CDD File#LP022068. My family has been in this area for over 130 years. During this time we have ranched cattle and farmed hay and tomatoes. For the last fifty years we have also worked in local Fire Departments. I am currently a Fire Captain with twenty-five years experience in the area. During fifteen of those years my duties have included Emergency Vehicle Driving Instructor. I feel it is my duty not only as a citizen but also as a public servant to report to you, the local citizens and the people of the applicant's congregation that the public safety in this area of the county will be adversely affected to an unacceptable level if this project is approved. The County Sheriffs report contained in your staff report, which came out late in the process requires conditions or changes to the proposed project that by them selves bring this proposal to a further unacceptable level. I have driven fire engines on these roads and the conditions are very difficult at best. I was involved in an accident in a fire engine at the blind turn on the East side of the proposed chapel driveway. The accident was due to the narrow roads, (nineteen feet wide at this location). There is an over ten minute response time to the area from the nearest staffed station. This is double the acceptable time for an emergency response In an urban area. Add to this the time it takes to get to a hospital in the ambulance and it increases to twenty to thirty minutes or more. 2 When that station is out on it's six to seven calls it has each day, the second due unit has an over fifteen minute response time. This is three times a normal response time for locations inside the urban limit line. This would result in up to and over an hour to get to a hospital. It may get worse if that station is moved to an even farther location from Upper Happy Valley Road, this is being discussed with the Supervisors. There were over forty emergency incidents on Bear Creek and Alhambra Valley Roads last year. Most incidents were medical and trauma in nature. Of those, twelve were vehicle accidents. Six resulted in fatalities, all due to high speeds on unfamiliar roads. Emergency response is difficult due to the narrow roads, the high-speed roads, blind turns and traffic, Traffic includes bicycles, motorcycles, horse riders and slow moving vehicles such as tractors, livestock trailers and water trucks. The additional traffic resulting from cemetery operations including funerals and visitors to existing graves, (which will increase in numbers over the years), will compound the hazards to a further unacceptable level of jeopardizing public safety. There are hundreds of residents in the area and approximately 1400 vehicles travel the roads each day. Thousands of visitors weekly visit the country roads and open spaces of the parklands and watersheds. These people know the risks of rural activity and make the personal choice to be there including the signing of waivers at the horse riding facilities. This has not included the impact a multi- million dollar commercial cemetery operation would have. The future patrons of the proposed cemetery are not aware of the public safety risk. Having this being the only available cemetery would eliminate being able to make a choice. The funerals in the afternoons will be at the same time local parents are picking up their children from the urban schools, Some of these schools are located at or near the urban limit lines on Happy Valley Road, Camino Pablo, and Alhambra Valley Road. Many other parents are coming from the urban areas bringing their children to the local after school riding classes. All of the residents and visitors including those that would be going to the proposed cemetery will all be at a dangerously increased risk due to the further negative impact of an already slow emergency response. This includes the elderly and the very young. As public servants we cannot ignore their safety. 3 Contra Costa County Code, Title 8, Chapter 88-2, article 88-2.404, section b, 1, stages that a Special Land Use Permit shall be denied if the establishment or maintenance of a proposed cemetery will,jeopardize and adversely affect the public health, safety, comfort, or welfare of the public. Considering the public health, safety and welfare the only acceptable mitigation would be to place this at an urban location such as the rather local cemeteries that have large areas of available space. Considering the inaccuracies of the initial study and the welfare of the public at large this permit should be denied. Sincerely, Lawrence L. Nunes P) oc Fy C 1-13-o UtlllMP 2000:chapter s-Wastewater and Recycled Water outer agencies will also be an important component of fu- ever,because direct discharge of washwater to the San Pablo tore recycled water projects.Additionally,continued pub- Creek replenishes the San Pablo Reservoir and becomes lic education and outreach programs will be essential to availableforuseattheSobranteand San Pablo FilterPlants, the success of EBMUD's recycled water program. no additional water savings will be realized. Facilities at Over 170 MGD of wastewater is currently generated Orindawill allow recycled water to be used at the filter plant, within EBMUD's service area,.and that quantity is expected although normal discharge will be to the creep. to increase to over 200.I4iGD by the year 20W By tapping into this resource and working jointly=with other agencies LAKE CHABOT GOLF COURSE to make recycled water available to customers in EBMUD's This project,completed in 1991,provided approximately water service area, EBMUD has the ability to greatly in- 0.10 MGD of water in 1999 to irrigate the City of Oakland's crease its water supply resources. Lake Chabot Golf Course. Facilities include a pump sta- tion,9,500 feet of supply pipeline and a surge tank/storage EXISTING MON-POTABLE C'A'TERPROJECTreservoir. Since the water is drawn directly from Chabot EBMUD has four existing projects which utilize non- Reservoir,which is a standby terminal reservoir of EBMUD potable water.These projects do not use treated wastewa- not connected to the distribution system, demand is re- ter(i.e.recycled water),but do use water that results in the duced from the potable water supply. In addition, by re- reduction of demands on EBMUD's potable water supply. ducing the demand for potable water,this project elimi- nates the need to construct the proposed Peralta.No.2 po- ATER FILTER PLANT 1Pll°ASIiWATER RECLAMATION table water reservoir. Facilities for recycling filter backwash water from most of EBMUD's water filter plants were constructed in the bate WILLOW PARK GOLF COURSE 1970s in order to comply with federal discharge require- This project,completed in 1991,withdrew 0.10 MGD of ments,The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Sys- water from Lake Chabot in 1999 to irrigate the Willow Park tear(NPDES) permit required the majority of suspended Golf Course.Facilities include a submersible pump station solids to be removed from the washwater prior to discharge and 5,500 feet of distribution pipeline.Like the Lake Cha- into a receiving stream.Rather than discharge this waste- bot Golf Course project,raw water is also taken from the water,EBMUD treatment plants instead recycle it,result- Chabot Reservoir, reducing the demand from the potable ing in a net gain in potable water supply. The treatment water supply. plants operate sedimentation facilities to collect solids from the washwater and recover the clarified overflow which is SUNSETS 166 LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION then recycled through the potable water treatment process. This project,completed in 1998,uses recycled water from The operation of filter plant recycled water facilities saves EBMUD's San Pablo filter plant to irrigate the Sunset View EBMUD approximately 1.7 MGD. Cemetery.In 1999,the project used 0.75 MGD of non-po- The ability to treat and recycle about 5 MCD ofwashwater table water_ at the Orinda Filter Plant became available in 1988, how- TABLE 5-10. Emma;EBMUD NON POTABLE WATER PROJECTS K; y t i ocit' hCV -- 1 000C,o . Page 5-1 -Wa%iight-DUI IE http.//www.waterigbt*.org/site2ladNisories/m*age—plv RIEUMEMN f I Advisory ' 1 4 Developing a Water Management Program under construction In This Advisory Optional omr-tents,of a ater-Manag2mo-nA Plan • Pup1ishi s tar Mr agement Plan Dgeurnent • +s „a Vlleb_Slte • 113a 3&IK Nlangag2mel3t Coordlnator • ImplamentinonJrrggtlon_Eyslue0912 Service • Ird tl ,Sc dulltl Ag,_,-"e Purpose -The purpose of this advisory is to: • Provide a brief description of the most common components of a Water Management Flan. • Describe the common components of a Plan document • Describe how to set up a web site. • Explain the various duties of a Water Management Coordinator. • Describe what an Irrigation Evaluation Service does and how to set one up. • Describe the options for providing irrigation scheduling servicesldata. INTROWCTION Water is a scarce and valuable resource. It is essential that resource management agencies have. plans, and continue to update those plans, so as to utilize this resource in the most efficient manner possible. Development of a Water Management flan or Program can serve several purposes: . It can provide the Impetus to evaluating current and projected supply/demand situations. • It can lead to identification of where future problems could occur. • It tells the world that you have a rational plan for managing your supply/demand situation. • It can provide the rational for Implementing various water conservation programs. • It can provide the background data needed to apply for grants andlor low interest loans. A IIV PORTANTII Developing and implementing Water Management Flans are mandatory for US. Bureau of Reclamation water contractors. Some type of similar Plan is recommended for any water resource management agency. Common Components of'aR Water Management Plan The following Is a list (although by no means complete) of common components of a water management plan or program . • Development and publishing of the Water Management Plan €ocument-this is the formal recognition that there Is an approved Flan in place. Refer to the section of Eubli hints s Of 9 1/27/03 2:11 AN Jateiight-DU/IE http:llwww.wateriglat.orglsite2ladvisaiieslmanage—plar..a;9 Water Management Pian Document for guidance on what might be included in the Plan documentation. Appointing a Water ManagementlConservation Coordinator-this is a person within the service agency who is responsible for some or all aspects of implementing the Plan. Many times this person is only concerned with the water conservation parts (i.e. aide to the agency membership in improving individual water management practices). • Publishing a Newsletter - a newsletter keeps the agency members, and any interested outside parties, apparised of activities within the service agency. They may be published once a month but probably should not be published any less than once a quarter. The newsletter could include articles describing various water conservation/management practices, descriptions and updates concerning on-going demonstrations, notices of educational seminars by the service agency or other groups such as University Cooperative Extensions or manufacturers, etc. Figure 1 below is a newsletter from the Kern giver Conservation District, concerned only with improved on-farm water management. Figure 2 is the Westlands Water District newsletter. You can see that it contains articles of general interest to the membership. • Development of a web site - the use of the Internet will become as commonplace as using the telephone or reading a newspaper. To many it is already an essential part of living and business. It is a very cost effective method of"publishing" New content can be posted on the web for immediate perusal at the leisure of the membership. Developing a web site does not have to be a great expense or complex. ATINE , one of the developers of this site, can help you develop your site and will act as the host and webmaster. • irrigation Scheduling Data/Services - although some service agencies have very extensive irrigation scheduling services (see the Westlands Water District site for example), it may be that all that is necessary or appropriate is to install an automated weather station to generate reference evapotranspiration estimates. • Irrigation Evaluation Services - irrigation evaluation services (IES) are a recognized and very common "best" management practice for agricultural water suppliers. IES evaluate irrigation systems and management. Although the results include a numeric estimate of * dtstnbution uniformity, their real value lies in the educational opportunity. KINGS R 1 V E 8 Cdt4SEH VAT10 -N DI.:STFttC7 I R R G A�T- � *1*0." 0 N N W S Moluine It, No. ? .°tip-A 700 Soil Moisture: The Key to $ched:ufing Irdeat on SOdl OWN floe WZWU3r ifitnt JAWIts UXQ fVJ ijrttwtls:. 'Fth M4Utk:. it !S aur Wutrtle.r thdi li hOi;S':AWt, JUJIn Fi3ttbsatu atsd Charm Nctln aC t-i,snsltx 5lidW1 dad S4611S lboxk. t#tiro stt{i in dinlilxs x"h4 t tit OSA tltih iktda in We sptiug, and tv htolp{la-larrra iniv ft-%6jmm lrtt:}aliisn srts+otltjhnt 1464M l.>t'hra a tall-a rfe i,'sturiRt" plum, ittive itnd tulalo grant. hirming v orltorlattimA rte�t Lt�ricrittz;i<ea l"Isw ir.�rtttare�atii�*ri#Ltup Ls'lsrig:�[e»d Isy drip entillors e,r rttitiai sprisvem. John it r(,Vslerred i PCA and ass€siant rtta.nart!'.a in t;hatVa of 9si;zrrrsssn is ajKlraiior rlttphust—�suveral ua;tls Is to drotc:.nx nes of 9 1/27103 2:11 AN ............................... W at right-MY IE http://www.wateright.org/site2ladvisoiies/Manage_plan thellrfrf hrigadlntt and*tr°1w ufr%tie-ional frr(gul mi, Ali]k6ijlik.9t'at1 rtlxtriri ptovidtm Oft orfdicit aft stit n VO4 ik d Uho Mt f0rfksll fiu*k lt1iif" WA11 -Wt. Ire t?�t#:fir r tr E l i :ti a' dtrtrttt" mx ttlr hts�s��1.s�rtink�s d&W[Ah ff�et3 ieltve�rtr it rtr i1ts,0,0 sr '` '� "Clrrht.€tr,"�6rrrsM`nld the NO+lttrufzf�'M;ttuI useto f oti di fl.ri. . rifiri rpv{,''i,lits oldert lol h+s 411:vvf MJ1inggP fxrtrjuila.iix rfra cwii op-emlion, Figure f -Front page from a recent edition of the KRDD irrigation News ; x ���nl di ��+`'`9ai":.>e'`�'G Mk;•'+ sC s.§L ��Ry+._' � � ♦'� t �� t._,F� �4. �F F,. ..�,�, ` , � g ��`�.V..a 3 F yy F i z'i,'tf dt rf,• f 1 4 1 3�Fed Y �s: krtr t kYwy k L },'`� Y �t n ............ ! # ,.7:i; C�^+a .e.r,7t#�'j,',,,`'u?f,' '� `fi� � ",'�t.� S yr .R.b7: '., Figure 2- Front page from a recent edition of the Westiands Water District newsletter, "The Irrigator" 3 Of 9 1/27103 2.11 AI Wateright-DU/IF, http://www.wateiigbt.org/site2/advisorieslmanage—plat .'w � Y Publishing a Water Management Plan Document The Water Management Plan Document (the Document) does not have to be long or complicated. The US Bureau of Reclamation (BurRec) has published `"Water Management Planner. Guidebook, Plan Format, and Supporting Software". This serves as a guide to developing a Document according to BurRec standards. As noted previously, all Plans are not the same. However, it is instructive to look at the various components recommended for a BurRec-approved Plan. The following sections need to be in a BurRec Plan: • History - a short history of how the Plan authoring agency came into being. • Location and Facilities -what is the service area of the authoring agency and what facilities are in place for physical control of the water. • Topography and Solis -since the BurRec Plans are primarily for agricultural districts, they desire a short description of the topography and soils In the district. This may or may not be appropriate for the authoring agency. However, this section may provide reasons for some of the Plan programs.. • Climate -obviously, the climate will be one of the main drivers for total water consumption as well as the pattern of use. • Natural and Cultural Resources -natural resources may identify potential neva water sources, or indicate where water resources have to be delivered. Cultural resources includes identifying important archaeological and historical sites that may be important considerations for future development. • Operating Rules and Regulations -this would include descriptions of how water is allocated, ordering procedures, policies concerning surface and subsurface drainage, and policies on water transfers both within and between agencies. • Water Measurement, Pricing, and Billing-this would include how water is measured in the service area, the accuracy levels, types of turnouts used, how pricing is determined, when bills are issues and when they are due, policies on delinquent bills, and accounting procedures. • Water Shortage Allocation Policies-what happens in a water-short year. • inventory of Water Resources-this section fully describes the supply/demand situation. This would include all sources of water(ground water, surface water, rainfall) and all uses of water(crop water use, municiple and Industrial use). There should be a section describing water quality throughout the service area. Finally, there should be a description of drainage/sewage within the service area. • Format Programs for Improved Water Management-this would include any centralized managementleonservation programs such as developmernt and/or demonstration of best management practices or low interest loan/grant programs for implementing best management practices. Cognizant personnel should be identified Another source of guidance for plan development, also developed with funding from the USSR, is at http:l/www.usbr.aov/wrrUrwc/cauide. $of 9 1/27,103 2:11 M _ . __.__._............................................................ Wateright;-DLJ/IE http://www.watetightorgtsiW2/advisories/Manage—plan.i Developing 'a Website The use of the Internet is fast becoming as commonplace as using the telephone or a fax machine. It is a very cost-effective, convenient form of communication between the agency and its members. Cost-effective because content (messages, graphs, data, etc.) can be prepared and immediately available, rather than having to'print and'mail. Convenient because the members can look at the information at their Ilesure. Although the Internet Is not a simple medium, there are peoplelcompanies that specialize in developing web sites for businesses and individuals. Contact the Cent r f r IrrIa tion Technology (559 276-2066) if you need more information concerning web site development. The Water Conservation Coordinator The Water Conservation Coordinator is the person responsible for developing and implementing the water conservation component of the management plana This person may be dedicated to this one task at larger agencies, or may have several duties at smaller ones. Consultants have been hired to do this job. Typically the Water Conservation Coordinator may be responsible for such tasks as: • publishing the newsletter a coordinating seminars a ensuring access to Irrigation scheduling information • attending meetings on behalf of the agency 7.7 Implementing an Irrigation Evaluation Service Irrigation event evaluations are a recognized "best" or`efficient" water management practice in either general water conservation programs or nonpoint source pollution programs. The general techniques have been developed over the last century by MRCS (the old SCS), universities, and private industry. Formal Irrigation Evaluation Services (IES) have been active in California since early 1960's. They are generally known as Mobile Irrigation Laboratories. IES and nonpoint source pollution programs. Although IES can stand alone in a water conservation program, they are a natural, and probably essential, part of any nonpoint source pollution (NPS)program aimed at irrigated agriculture. You may went to ter to the full Advisory on Nexnnoint Soma 8Q t]gn (which includes a summary of common components of NPS control programs). To review, NPS generally occurs In a 3-step process. These are. 1. Availability—a potentia/contaminant is put in the environment 2. Transformation/detachment--It is detached or transformed into a mobile entity 3. Transport--it is moved to where it is becomes a contaminant IES and NPS programs 5 of 9 1/27103 11 t A Wateright d DU/IE http:,/www.waterightorg/site2/ad.visones/manage plarx.a Transport mechanisms include wind, machine, and water. As related to irrigation, surface runoff can carry sediments, along with adsorbed chemicals and fertilizers to surface water bodies. Deep percolation can carry soluble chemicals and fertilizers into �tt ground water. i t Note that the general relationship defining Irrigation Efficiency (1E) is: 1E = beneficial use 1 total applied water What isn't beneficial use (for each inigation)? Surface runoff and deep percolation beyond leaching requirements. Thus, if irrigation efficiency is increased then there will be less surface runoff andlor less deep percolation, thus reducing transport. An IES evaluates the following: • System hardware -- including the condition and the basic design • System management • Specific situation — how hardware/management works in that situation • Usually evaluates Distribution Uniformity(DU) • Includes evaluations of factors affecting overall Irrigation Efficiency (IE), such as leakage, irrigation scheduling techniques, and runoff Please refer to the Advisory concerning I rtdation_Performance Meas remsMs. TO review, there are two measures of performance: 1. Distribution Uniformity(DU)—a measure of how evenly water is appliedlinfr/trated across a field 2. irrigation Efficiency(1E)—a measure of how much of the applied irrigation water is used beneficially (crap water use, leaching for salt control, frost control, and certain cultural practices) There are two important relationships between DU and 1E.- You E:You need good DU before good 1E, if the entire crop is to be watered sufficiently Good DU is no guarantee of good IE Thus, to improve irrigation efficiency first look to distribution uniformity(usually), then, look to aspects of overall efficiency such as: • timing • knowing ''how much"to ih1gate • the ability to control the total application • restrictions on flexibility at the farm level and the water supply level. Note that in certain situations, maybe it will be best to look to timing, control, scheduling first. An IES can evaluate irrigation efficiency (and they have been used to do so), but the calculation of IE depends on the physical boundaries (field, farm, district, basin) and the time boundary.(single event, seasonal) of the measure. Calculation of IE also depends on accurate measurements of water volumes applied and drained from the field, and soil moisture depletions before and after the irrigation. Estimates of irrigation efficiency are open to misinterpretation. Concentrating on the calculation of a number for DU or IE misses what should be the point of the IES program, EDUCATIONI 5 of 9 1/2710-3 2:11 A] Watoright DU/1E http:t/www.wateright.org/siteladvisoiies/manage-plan, IES results will include an estimate of event distribution uniformity and identification of possible improvements. Note that the DU is "ESTIMATED". The calculated number is not the absolute, accurate, cast-in-stone, constant DU. The following factors must be kept in mind: y • There is usually a questionable(if any) statistical basis for sampling during the evaluation. * The evaluation occurs under specific environmental conditions. • The accuracy of measurements taken during the evaluation may be +1- 5 -- 15°!0. MOST important is (should be) the educational value of IES. This includes identification of where improvements may be made in the system hardware and management, as well as teaching the basic science of the irrigation system type used. EDUCATION should be the goal, not calculation of a number. IMPORTANTI - It is NOT recommended that you use the results of an IES program for important macro-level wafter allocation decisions. At farm level use them for guiding improvements. At policy level use the results for deciding where further programmatic efforts are needed, or to indicate that Indeed, improvements are being made. There may be extensions to standard IES programs. These might include efforts to improve fertilizer program management, energy efficiency programs (such as pump testing or energy audits), aides to cin-farm Irrigation.scheduling, demonstrations of soll1plant moisture monitoring, etc. It is actually fairly simple to develop an IES as far as the hard logistics are concerned. Standard lists of the required.evaluation equipment are available and these can be filled for In the $1,000-5,000 range. Some type of vehicle will be needed to move the equipment to the field. Most often this has been a pick-up truck with a .service body. However, in at least one situation, the sponsors decided on using a trailer. The concept was that private consultants or other government agencies would borrow the trailer and equipment. The actual evaluation procedures have been standardized and in some cases computerized. There are some optionshere: 1. One set of methods has been standardized and computerized by California State Polytechnic University at San Luis Obispo. They have also developed training courses. 2. The NRCS has developed an evaluation method. 3. Different Australian groups have developed their own methods. Generally you will need a computer. But most important, You fieed 2Werlenced personnel trained in the specific techntaues. Annual costs.will include vehicle insurance, maintenance, and fuel, office, supplies, and replacement equipment. There will probably be a certain cost allocated for on-going training. Most often IES has been a service provided by a locallstatet federal agency. In several cases these groups have became quasi-consulting groups for areas without an IES. Contracts at $600-12001evaluation have been seen. An option is to hire private contractors. They will be responsible for their own equipment, vehicle, and training and will,be on call as needed. This is a very flexible alternative and may result in tower evaluation costs. $650/evaluation is a starting point for one group in California. Consultants have been used in a major programmatic situation. They are also being used as an on-going service through a Resource Conservation District. The question for either is quality control. Are the numbers being generated correctly? Is the education effort effective? An important component of an IES program is oversight. This may come from a technical committee, an outside consultant, or possibly a government agency charged with encouraging the use of IES. IES are fairly simple to start. The question is keeping one going. Will the initial financing be from a Government grant or is there significant local support? Assuming that it is a grant, what happens when the grant"genes away"? Will the evaluation be offered as a free service or will a farmer 7 of 9 1/27/03 2:11 A: Vateright-ICU/IE http://www.wateright.orglsite2/advisories/mmage-plp.a:iF contribution be required? Where will the equipment and vehicle be housed? Who supplies the office, insurance, and maintenance? Who will be responsible for overall program design and oversight. To reiterate one important point, do not key on the numbers, key on the EDUCATION. An irrigation evaluation is a prime opportunity for one-on-one EDUCATION. It is admittedly a rather expensive contact, but with EDUCATION this cost can be leveraged. Contact the Center for Irrigation Technolog (559 278-2066)for more information and guidance If you are contemplating starting an Irrigation Evaluation Service as part of your Water Management Plan. Irrigation Scheduling Aides Irrigation scheduling is a generic term applied to any number of techniques, all designed to aide the farmer in deciding when and how much (how many inches to apply, hours per set, etc.)to irrigate. Adopting some form of irrigation scheduling is another recognized "best" management practice. A common component of agency water managementiconservation programs is providing some level of aide to farmers in order to encourage the use of irrigation scheduling. The aide may be simple or very thourough. Common types of aide include: • Identifying irrigation scheduling consultants to the agency membership - it is noted that some commercial consulting groups range far from their home towns, A farmer searching on his own may not realize that additional resources are available from some other area. • Providing estimates of reference evapotranspiration - although graphical/sensor-based irrigation scheduling (refer to the Advisory on QranhicaU$enso -Based Irrigation Schedulim? can proceed without it, the important basis for most techniques is knowledge.of a reference evapotranspiration (ET). There are several reference ETs in use. The three most common are: 1. ETo, the ET of a well-watered, lush pasture grass 2. ETp, the ET of well watered, mature alfalfa 3. ETpan, evaporation from a U.S. Weather Bureau Class A evaporation pan CIMIS, California Irrigation Management Information System, is a state-wide system of standardized weather stations. These stations develop estimates of ETo. The information is available by phone, computer modem, or on the Internet. Many water management-related sites, including WATERIGNT, access the CIMIS system (if you are in California, 6110k here to view data from the station nearest you). The AgriMet system in the northwest states is another well-known system of standardized weather stations. (if you are in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, or Montana, click here to view data from the station nearest you.) Commercial weather stations and the class A evaporation pan are also available so that an agency does not have to utilize a stateffederal level system if it chooses not to do so. • Provide seminars and sponsor demonstration fields -this is a speck extension to what should be some level of on-going education to the membership. • Provide detailed estimates of crop ET, soil holding capacity, weather forecasts, etc. - some agencies have very complete programs for encouraging the use of irrigation scheduling. This 30f 9 1127103 2.11 AN AlaWright-,DUI IE http://www.wateright.orgisite2ladvisories/manage—plan.m extends to distributing weekly updates of predicted ETo and speck crap ET for the most common crops grown in a district. The Westlands Water District in the San Joaquin Valley of California is a notable example, t sofa .1127/03 2:.11 AA Califor.r1a;Irrigation Management Information System http://136.200.241.! i dt t COLUMN p Z' A 7 [, kFitrlpA'f!A ik�S[r!t'� t#t!►1l itC6 Nth A�iB now `i i i Evapotranspiration from a reference crop, termed "reference evapotranspiration", is denoted "ETo". ETo can be computed from meteorological data collected at a sulteable.site.Two equations, the modified Penman and Penman-Monteith,are used in CIMIS to compute!ETo. e Overview i CIMIS Eauatlon 6 Penman;Mon#alth Eauation ♦ grog Crreffidents ♦ California ETo Zones Marr (PDF�e r llTa trio#nec# PDF resources must be viewed using Adobe Arrobet.You may download a free copy by clicklnd hare. 9ACK Copyright 0 2001. California Department of Water Resources.AN rights reserved. Home1�sclainy -Email Webmaster-MR California Water Page- Comrnents jnd Sutraestlons I Of 1 1127/03 1:41 A Wfornia Irrigation Management Information System httg:1/136.200,241.5 A [Et3 A4 t Y li t c o a•t y t Y,r c ttfltYYilCi powtrwar mgm�&2114N [Mutual I' ewmnn # vt a z" 14Akto(lCe EYapri`TtssliSpEreHan(EC'0)ZottS AM A M � �(Wq�g1YM�MM!W,PM: •tlAfY4rif3a fX � Y ,����ef ` ww.eeesrw ;u„bca�t9ouit ®�"�'' GdFAt'RAK% 1'ltk3lCY -�RtiL kh`3 f a: �{ 'At t 2 ADil d� 1 UL r r a r. t as t r �n � irYsyeli,i�¢t�t"+sssttfi6W24� ';, �'.. � io�Y'x�,i6~tsma+f'x1s7Mtu flatj�!1Nma trt tY6ameii adtlnetfuu:lfes+'at&i q m�tpr es etiiwrxa .�a � + a tiop0.aN�AadYs 1 'f tl,* }� c CalitomEsintgauw Management lntarmat(on Sygem(CUB) > REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION a.roum ooesact« su«.00 I of 1 1127103 1:27 AJ California Irrigation Management Information System http.-#136.200.241 California Irrigation 4r4►iEPACt ItpA10'MiG Management 1t • s rn .-..y t P f Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) Is a term used to describe the evapotranspiration rate of a reference crop expressed in either Inches or millimeters. PP fl The reference crop used for the CIMIS program is'grass,which is close dipped, actively growing, completely shading the soil,and well watered. ETo varies by location, time, and weather conditions. The main factors that influence ETo include Incoming radiation(energy from the sun), outgoing radiation (sensible energy leaving the earth), the amount of moisture in the air, air temperature, and wind speed. ETo can be estimated quite accurately through the use of a"model'(a series of complex mathematical equations). Two models are used in CIMIS,the eLqrrtstn-Mt Leith e a ga(Walter. at. al., 2000)and a version of Penman`sequation modified by PmIttlDoorenbos (Proceedings of the International Round Table Conference on "Evapotranspiration", Budapest, Hungary. 1977). The Modified Penman employs a wind function developed at UC Davis.The version used in CIMIS uses hourly weather data to calculate ETo Instead of dally weather data. Hourly averages of weather data are used In the"model"to calculate an hourly ETo value. - The 24 hourly ETo values for the day(midnight to midnight)are summed to result in dally ETo. The Inputs used In this equation from the CIMIS weather stations are these hourly values: • Net Radiation • Air Temperature • Wind Speed • Vapor Pressure Air temperature,wind speed, and relative humidity are measured directly at each weather station. Vapor pressure is calculated from relative humidity and air temperature. Hourly net radiation is estimated using a method developed by the University of California. This method uses solar radiation, vapor pressure, air temperature, and a calculated monthly cloud coeffclent(CK). For additional information, please contact: CIMIS Help Line (800)922-4547(In California only) Department of Water Resources 1 of 1 V27103 1:23 A California Irrigation Management Information System http://136.200.241.,5 4. CA Tilt C c C► t n t M STATE ' CALIFORNIA GOVE fi�UA'& .. l101{Et'RCCB 1KitetB'AF6 .. California Irrigation - ent : tem rmation Sys { @AC Reference evapotranspiration "ETo" approximates the evapotranspiration of a reference crop expressed either in inches or millimeters. The reference crop should have adequate water to avoid water stress and sufficient fetch to minimize the effect of local advection on evaporation. The reference crop used for CIMIS is grass. The equation used In CIMIS is a version of the Modified Penman Equation by Pruitt and Doorenbos(Proceeding of the International Round Table Conference on"Evapotranspiration", Budapest, Hungary. 1977). It also employs a wind function developed at the University of California Davis.The inputs used in the equation from CIMIS weather stations are these hourly values: • Net Radiation(Calculated) • Air Temperature • Wind Speed • Vapor Pressure For additional Information on CIMIS reference ETo calculation or ETo equation, contact: Simon Eching se�hfnatQlwaterca.s�os+ Bekele Temesgen temesstenOwater ceggov California Department of Water Resources Office of Water Use Efficiency P.O. Box 842836 Sacramento, CA 94236-0009 Richard Snyder Biometeorologist University of California, Davis Department of Land,Air and Water Resources Davis, CA 95616-8627 rfsr7vd0r0-,aacfrravis.edu sac+ Copyright 0 2001. California Department of Water Resources.All rights reserved. Home-Disotaime[-Errta[I Webmaster-DWR California Water Pane- Comments and Suaaestions I of 1 1/27103 .1:24.A California Irrigation Management Information System http://136.200.241 MWP;I t n P G 0 L D G N #: 1 A Y t NCVX#Ff'14t CAL#KK3i�Rti toi?V�M � � MUM= • • S MANENWA fit; lIACK CIMIS helps agricultural rowers and turf managers gars administering parks, gulf nti courses and other landscapes to develop water budgets for determining when to Irrigate and how much water to apply. Evapotranspiration Is the combined process of water loss by evaporation and water transfer to the air through plant tissues. Reference Evapotranspiration (._..,Is a term used to describe the evapotranspiration rate from a known surface, such as grass or alfalfa. ETo is expressed in ate � •a. t ■tr sw#. � rfr either inches or mUnmetem. The ETo for an average year is referred to as normal year ff-0- Crop Coefficients (Kc) are used with ETo to estimate specific crop evapotranspiration rates. Over 100 Weather Stations Across California CIMIS is an integrated network of over 100 computerized weather stations located at key agricultural and municipal sites throughout Callfomla. By measuring values for various sensors, such as wind speed, air temperature, solar radiation, etc., we can calculate ETo and other useful factors. Create Your town Irrigation Schedule 4 w{" ' Many resources are available to help you create an Irrigation schedule that meets your specific needs. Visit our Technical references to get a listing of publications that you can download or request. Check this site often as new resources and Information will be updated periodically. 1 loft 1r27r03 1:43 California Irrigation Management Information System http://136.200.241.' GAtr€nctr:rn �:t}vr�rtiro�� OWN t T !! C a a L 0 c e s r A t r xaaar.:rrucc 18C41dTr'#'AC . .. w w r� � I Concord #170 San Francisco Say Region-Contra Costa County Nearby city Is Concord Station, infornieVan Elevation 35 Crop Type: Grass (ft): Latitude: 38.004 Data Starts 06-APR2001 On: Longitude: -122.02 Data Ends Active On: Zip Codes: 84518,94519, 94520, 94521, 94522, 94523, 94524, 94527, 94525 smc� Copyright 0 2001. California Department of Water Resources.All rights reserved. Home-Disclaimer-Email Webmaster-DWR Callffomta Water Page- Comments and.Suggestions I of 1 1127/03 2:€7 _ _ _ _ _ _........._...................................................................................................................................................................................................... aalifornia Irrigation Management Information System http://136.200.241.5.' ` �'llRf1dt91ii4fA C.Ub'�RK�R'!1 California Irrigation .i. 7 1! C G 4 L b � b B 7`'it k L HOtdLP�E I�tltdEPAG6 a s.nt System ,t IM 'li 1 Walnut geek#65 San Francisco Bay Region-Contra Costa County Nearby city is Walnut Creek Station information Elevation 440 Crop Type: Grass (ft): Latitude: 37.914 Data Starts 22-JUL-1987 On: Longitude: -122.082 Date Ends 08-MAR-2002 On: Zip Codes: 94595* 94596, 94597, 94598 <EKE] Copyright*2001. California Department of Water Resources.All rights reserved. U2Me-DIWW a mit Webmaster-DM Daiifomia Water Fara- Comments and Suggestions I sof 1 1/27/03 2:07 AJ California Irrigation Management Information System http://136.200.241,5f MUCAMUCOJWNI& i li C 4 1 u R K A i s Nt7%t€rr4G6 #tctliF!'ACC Management it Now This "Sample Report' demonstrates the type of reports available to registered users. li ere to re ister. it"s FAST and FREE! January 1, 2002 - December 31, 2002 *"Printed on January 27, 2003 Brentwood - Station San Francisca Bay - 47 Year Month Tot. Tot. Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg ETo Precip Sot. Vap. Marc Min Avg Max Min Rei. Wind Sol( (in) (in) Rad. Pres. Air Air Air Rei. Rei. Hum. Speed Temp (Ly/dy) (mBars) Temp Tamp Temp Hum. Hum. Avg (mph) CF) TF ` "F % % % 200201 1.18 1.161 191 8.9 ' 53.0 37.0 45.0 98 70 86 4.01 52.0 200202 2.00 0.801 286 10.1 62.0 39.0 501.0 98 59 81 4.0 54.0 200203 3.58 2.10 372 9.5 65.0 42.0 53.0 91 46 68 5.5 59.0 200204 5.08 0.15 501 11.0 71.0 46.0 59.0 89 45 65 5.8 66.0 200206 7.49. 0.72 649 11.1 79.0 50.0 65.0 84 31 53 6.2 71.0 200208 8.98 0.00 745 13.41 87.0 56.01 72.0 81 30 51 7.1 79.0 200207 8.51 0.04 716 15.4 92.0 56.0 74.0 91 31 55 5.0 200208 7.28 0.011 623 14.7 88.0 54.0 71.0 93 35 58 4.5 78.0 200209 6.18 0.001 533 12.1 87.0 54.0 71.0 82 28 48 5.41 74.0 200210 4.07 0.00 395 10.0 77.0 46.0 62.0 82 34 55 4.1 87.0 200211. 1.81 2.43 225 10.71 65.01 43.0 53.0 92[--6-71--77 4.41 61.0 200212 0.94 6.19 148 10.61 56.01 40.01 4S.0 991 761 91 6.1 56.0 Lotals/Avgsl 57.11 13.60 450 11.51 73.01 47.01 60.0 '901., 451 65 5.2 64.0 Walnut Creek- Station San Francisco Bay-65 Year Month Tot. Tot. Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg ETo Precip Sol. Vap. Max Min Avg Max Min Rei. Wind Soil Cl n) (in) Rad. Pres. Air Air Air Rei. Rei. Num. Speed Ternp (Ly/dy) (mBars) Temp Temp Temp Hurn. Hum. Avg (mph) CF) F T (T) % °fo '/6 200201 1 0.96 1.22 148 9.3 55.0 39.0 46.0 981 63 851 1.8 49.0 200202 1.55 1.811 214 10.4 62.0 43.0 51.0 98 55 81 1.8 51.0 200203 0.8711 1.22 249 8.6 62.0 43.0 52.0 81 46 .6 2.6 54.0 otals/Avgs 3.38 4.25 187 9.7 51.0 41.0 49.0 96 58 --- Concord 1 Concord - Station San Francisco Bay- 170 Year Month Tot. Tot. Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg--]-Avg Avg i ETo Pred Sol. Vap. Max'} MinJ/ �Avg fMax 'yr+'In Rel. Wind I Soil 1 of 1 �� "°'�'"�� 1/27103 1:47 A Spri i..s Planner http.//www.waterigbtorg/site2/advisofes/spiinkter.m �Y Advisory Manning a Sprinkler or Micro Irrigation In This Advisory Stan in Plannina a Sprinkter trrlraation + gdmatina Set Times fox-a.Iftdn—We Irrldation • Eat€m�rt#,,, o $st Mmes-for-a MIgMirrination€htstsm • first€matting +et j rues for a t-rlo-Tane,{grow mp driP") stem • Es Imatinra Soil Lfto[ tura Dephdlon frnrrl the-Feel of a Soil Sample • common Susgest€ons#or Improving 12W0kierIrduatl2ns • to jLe-met$prinisl+s I rin +� Maklna and Ustno a Soil Pro§* Purpose -The purpose of this advisory is to... • Explain how one might plan a sprinkler or micro Irrigation • Also provide a short discussion concerning micro systems • t_lst common suggestions for Improving sprinkler Irrigations INTRODUCTION Irrigation has often been called "both an art and a science". Sprinkler Irrigation should be one of the easier system types to manage since there Is so much engineering and control Involved. That Is, a well-designed and maintained sprinkler system should produce little surface runoff and good distribution uniformity. Since it Is.a piped system you should have control over the total application also. So whet can go wrong? 'Wind, bad maintenance, no flexibility In your water supply so that you have to nun the system longer than you want, poor design, an application rate too high for the soil, and no knowledge of soil moisture depletions at Irrigation-just to name a few. Science has developed rational concepts and equations for helping to design and manage irrigation systems. However, even with all the engineering that goes Into the modern sprinkler system it will always be important to have an Irrigator that knows both the art and the science of Irrigation. STEPS IN PLANNING A SPRINKLER IRRIGATION 1 tOf9 1127/03 2:13 AIV Sprinkler Planner http://www.waterightorg/site2/advisories/sprinkl r.as Step I. 1~stimte the SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION in the EFFECTIVE ROOT ZONE using an auger and the Merriam "Feel" chart (Table 1 below) is fast, flexible, and inexpensive. Using a neutron probe is j expensive, less flexible (constrained to the sampling site), but more accurate. A water budget irrigation scheduling system (refer to the tutorial for a discussion)will provide guidance as it will provide an estimate of total crop evapotranspiration (water use) since the last irrigation. - the EFFECTIVE ROOT ZONE nmy or may not be the total depth of crop roots(deeper or shallower). It€s the depth of soil in which you want to control moisture contents. - Soil will hold only so much water, the FIELD CAPACITY.The difference between the current soil moisture and the soil's field capacity is called the SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION,SMD.Soalking inn more water than the SAID will result in some deep percolation below the effective root zone.At some irrigations you may want to do this to maintain a salt balance.In a drought year you want to reduce deep percolation as mach as possible. Step 2. Know the application rate of your sprinkler system. The application rate(APP RATE)is how fast water is being applied through the system. APP RATES are expressed in terms of a depth per unit time, commonly "inches/hour". If I say that the application rate of the system is .25 inches per hour,that means that the system is applying an average depth of.25 inches over the set for each hour it is run(i.e. it is raining.25 inches each hour). Each combination of nozzle size, sprinkler spacing,and system pressure produces a distinct application rate. For example,a 7/64" nozzle running at 50 pounds per square inch(PSI) pressure on a 30 x 40 spacing has an application rate of about .2 inches/hour. Table 1 shows the APP RATES for different combinations of nozzle and sprinkler spacing running at 50 pounds per square inches pressure. TABLE 1- Approximate Application Rates In Inches/Hour for Various Sprinkler Spacings and Nozzle Sizes (running at 50 psi) Nozzle Sizes Sprinklee3132 7164 I/8 9164 11 5132 II/64 nein s �w3Qx30 rI 19 27 t.34 65 30x4Q 14 2Q J26 33 41 49 30x45 '—" 13 18 233 29 36 .43 35x40 12 i7 .22 28 .35 42 35x45 11 115 137 40x40 5-1-71-57—T-9---T25 ---31 37 4Qx45 .1 fl 13 17 22 27 32 If you wish to determine your system's APP RATE exactly,use the following equation... APPLICATION RATE=GPM x 56.3/AREA where: APPLICATION RATE is the application rate of the system in inches/hour GPM is the flow through the sprinkler nozzle in gallons per minute AREA is the area covered by each sprinkler in square feet= distance between sprinklers on the lateral*distance between laterals 20f 9 1/27/03 2.13 AT Sprinkler Rlanaer http:llwww.wateright.org/site2/advisories/sprinlder.a &rample, if you had 30 foot sprinkler lateral with a lateral move of 45 feet,and the flow through each nozzle was measured at 2.8 GPM,then... APPLICATION RATE =GPM x 96.3/AREA r 2.8x96.3/(30x45) .20 inchesIlOur Step 3. Know the distribution uniformity of your system. Remember that the first consideration for effective, efficient irrigations is dis ibit—tion uniformity(see the&dviM ort Irrisn-tign trformance MYsu mems for an explanation.) With sprinkle systems there are three maim factors in determining distribution uniformity (D", pressure uniformity, device uniformity, and overlap uniformity. Pressure Uniformity -Check the pressure throughout the irrigation system. It should not vary more than 10-15% nt e device outlets throughout the field. Also make sure the system is operating at the correct base pressure. That is, if the design pressure is 65 PSI at the pump outlet,make sure that it is 65 PSI at the pump outlet Device Uniformity- Device uniformity means that each sprinter is flowing the sante amount of water. Assuming that the pressure uniformity is okay, check for worn or plugged nozzles and systems with more than one size nozzle or sprinkler head. Overlap Uniformity -Overlap uniformity is important with field sprinkler systems and depends on the oorrect choice of sprinkler spacing, pressure, and head/nozzle size. Wind is a major factor in affecting Overlap uniformities. Using alternate sets is always a good idea with field sprinkler systems. Also make sure that the risers are high enough so that the crop doesn't interfere with the stream. There should not be excessive surface runoff with sprinkle/trickle/spitter systems. If there is, either the set times are too long or the system was not designed property. The soil/water chemistry may also have changed, check for required amendments. It is a fairly straightforward process to evaluate sprinklettrickle or furrow/border irrigation systems for DU. Check to see if there is a Mobile Irrigation Laboratory in your area Step 4. Match the set times to tate soil moisture deficit. Sprinkler systems provide good control over the total application, assuming you have the flexibility to water on and off as desired. And,assuming you are dealing with wind and are obtaining gond DU,achieving good irrigation efficiency is a matter of determining correct set times. Remember. good DU is necessary for high efficiency but it is mot sufl"tclent, as the figure below show. In the figures, the heavy dashed line is the sora moisture depletion (or deficit) at irrigation. This is how much water was needed. The dashed line is how much actually was applied. Notice that in both figures the applied line is relatively flat, indicating a good DU for both irrigations. however,the set time on the right was twice as long as needed(notice haw far below the SMD line is the applied line). JL Figure 1 - Good DU with about the right Figure 2 - Good DU but excessive set set time time resulting In excessive deep percolation Determining Optimum Set Times - Determine the optimum set time and then try to "best-fit" it into your field 3 Of 9 1127/03 2;13 At sprinkler Planner http://Nvww.wateriglitorg/site2ladvi,-, ies;springyer.as; operations. The equation for determining set times is: RUNTIME=SMD/(APPLICATION RATE*DU*(1-OTHER)) � where RUNTIME-the desired set time in hours SMD-the soil moisture depletion in inches APP RATES-the application rate of the system in inches/hour DU-distribution uniformity as a decimal OTHER-other losses as a decimal(mainly evaporation and leafage-possibly on the order of 10%,A as a decimal) Example- assume that you determine a soil moisture depletion of 2.5 inches just before the irrigation. You've had the system evaluated and it is operating at about an 65%distribution uniformity (.65 as a decimal)in your windy conditions. The application rale is .25 inches/hour: You think that 10% of the applied water immediately evaporates or is lost to leakage in pipe faints. An optitnum runtime is calculated as: RUNTIME =SMD 1(APPDlCAT10N RATE*LDU*(1-OTHER)) 2.5/(.25 x.65 x(1-.1)) =17.1 hours This may not fit too well into normal field operations. However it is a starting point and will allow you to do some calculations to determine the benefits/costs of hiring night irrigators(so as to change sets at night) versus lengthening the irrigation cycle and running a 22 or 23 hour set. 22-24 hours would probably match normal field operations arid may be a fit with water district operations if the primary supply is front a district. On the other hand, wing °alternate set" sprinkler irrigation (see below) can improve DU's up to 10%. Let's assume that you can improve the DU of the system to 75%(.75 as a decimal). Also, you decide sone needed maintenance will reduce leakage somewhat so that other losses are not only 8%. Now: RUNTIME =SMD 1(APP RATE*DU*(1-OTHER)) 2.51(.25 x.75 x(1-.08)) =14.5 hours You now might decide to ruts 12 hour sets and sliorten up the irrigation cycle slightly. However, this will probably increase labor costs. One final option may be to lower the system pressure somewhat, hoping to maintain DU at the same lime,and lower the application rate. Assume you can do so and the new application rate is .20 but the DU is reduced to 7090,even with alternate sets. Now: RUNTIME =SMD/(APP RATE*DU*(1-OTHER)) 2.5/(.20 x.65x(1-.08)) -19.4 hours Now, just a slight lengthening of the cycle will probably give me a good fit for 22-23 hour set times. AIMPORTANT U Obviously,the big question when changing the length of irrigation cycle is the impact on the crop. Step S. Monitor the results of the irrigation Use a soil probe 1-2 days alter the set to see how fair water penetrated. 4 of 9 112.7/03 2:13 A? .................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................... Sprinkler Planner http;/hvww.waterightorg/site2/advisorieslsprinkler.m Check at various places within a set of sprinklers. That is,check water penetration right at a sprinkler riser, about 113 of a spacing away, in the center of a pattern from overlapping sprinklers, etc. This will give you an idea of the overlap uniformity. Check water penetration in different parts of the field to check differences due to pressure uniformity. ESTIMATING OPTIMUM SET TIMES FOR MICRO-IRRIGATION SYSTEMS Micro-irrigation system are much like sprinkler systems in that the design and maintenance of-the system is the main determinant of the I7U and they troth give good control over the total application. In micros-irrigation systems we speak of an Emission Uniformity 03Q rattier than a DIU for a couple of reasons. Note that We can be determined just as Dus and Mobile Irrigation Laboratories or irrigation specialists can provide this service. IMPORTANT 11 Preventive maintenance is all important with micros-irrigation systems. Make sure that the filtration system has been designed correctly and kept in proper working order. Make sure that you have analyzed the water supply for any amendment needs and compatibility with any injected chemicals or fertilizers. .Make sure that you are preventing algae growths or other contaminants from plugging up the system. A big difference between sprinkler systems and micro-irrigation is haw we determine set times. Since we am covering the total held with field sprinkler systems we can compare the application rate to the soil moisture depletion to determine how long to run the system. With trickle, micro-sprinkler, or spitter systems we are not covering all the field. And, these systems are usually operated frequently so as to maintain optimal soil moisture conditions (one of the big advantages of drip irrigation). Many times we compare the gallons per hour per plant of the system design to the daily water use of the crop (evapotranspiration.ETc)to determine required set times. The equation to convert daily fit' to hours of system operation with micro-irrigation systems is... . RUNTIME=ETc*AREA I(t3PH*EU*1.605) where: RUNTIME=daily hours of system operation ETe=daily crop water use in inchesiday opff=total flow to each plant in gallons per hour EU=system emission uniformity as a decimal 0- 1.0 For example, there is a grape vineyard with two 1-gallon per hour emitters per vine. The vines are spaced 8 by 12. The estimated system emission uniformity is 80% (.8 as a decimal) and the current daily crop water use is estimated at .25 incheslday, Then... RUNTIME=ETc*AREA/(OPH*AE*1.6D5) RUNTIME=.25*(8* 12)1(2*.8* 1.6D5) RUNTIME=9 hours of operation per day Graphical irrigation scheduling systems are used often with high frequency systems. Refer to that Ttagg rhalfor ideas on managing it micro-irrigation system. j ESTIMATING OPTIMUM SET TIMES FOR DRIP-TAPE SYSTEMS ;of 9 1127103 2..13 AN Sprinkler Planner http:l/www.wateright.org/site2/advisories/sprinkler-w The equation for determining set tunes for drip-tape systems,also termed "raw-crop drip"systems is different since the now rating system for the product is different. Drip tape is rated in terms of gallons-per-minute per 100 feet of tape. For example,a common "high flow" tape will have a rating of.33 gpm/loo feet The equation to convert daily ET to hours of system operation with micro-irrigation systems is... RUNTIME=Erc*SPACE * 1.039/(GPM l00*IE) Where: RUNTIME=daily hours of system operation Erc=daily cropwater use in inches'day GPM100=tape flow rating, gpm per 100 feet of tape IE=irrigation efficiencyas a decimal 0- 1.0 SPACE=tape spacing in the field(which is usually the furrow or bed spacing) in feet For example,there is a melon field using tape rated at.33 gpm1100 feet The melon beds are spaced 5 feet with one taps per bed. The estimated irrigation system efficiency is 80%(.8 as a decimal)artd the cuuent daily crop water use is estimated at.25 inchedday. Then... RUNTIME=Erc*SPACE * 1.039/(GPM100*IE) RUNTIMES=.25 in'day*5 feet * 1.0391(.33 Spm/100 feet* .8) RUNTIME=4.9 hours/day ALTERNATE-SET LATERAL PLACEMENT "Alternate set"lateral placement is illustrated by Figure 3. The lateral positions marked by"1"are the positions for the first irrigation. The lateral positions for the next irrigation are marked by"2". You can see that the same spacing is used for each irrigation. It's fust that the laterals are offset by a half-spacing,placed in alternate locations for each irrigation. 9 2 7 i 2 Figure 3 - Schematic of a sprinkler system indicating lateral placement for "Alternate Set" sprinkler irrigation This alternate placement of laterals can improve the distribution uniformity by up to 10%with no increase in labor costs. It does so by moving the field areas getting the lowest application rates around. Thus, area A may get a low application rate one irrigation, but a higher application rate the next. The assumption is that the theoretical under-watering on the one irrigation will not be too harmful for crop development. Alternate sets are a good ideal anytime, but especially important in areas with consistently windy conditions. 60f 9 1127/03 2:13 Af 3priftMer Planner http:/Iwww.wateiightorg/site2ladvisojies/sprinkler.as COMMON SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING SPRINKLE AND MICRO-IRRIGATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE , i The following are common management practices that are recommended far improving the performance of sprinkle and micro-irrigation systems. Those practices that can be used with any irrigation system type include: • Measure all water applications accurately • Monitor pumping plant efficiency(see the Energy.Ad i v) • Evaluate the irrigation system using SCS or Cooperative.Extension procedures • Know required leaching ratios to maintain salt balances • Use irrigation scheduling as an aid in deciding when and how much to irrigate(see the Water I.Iudaet or Cara Uea Irrigation Scheduling Tutorials) • Practice total planning of individual irrigations(see the§M above) • Use two irrigation systems in special situations (sprinklers for pre-irrigations then furrows; portable gated pipe to reduce furrow lengths for pre-irrigations, sprinklers to germinate crops irrigated by micro-irrigation;over-tree sprinkler for cooling with undertree irrigation) • Consider changing the irrigation system type if it is not clearly adaptable to the physical situation • Use aerial photography to identify patterns that indicate problems with irrigationid gnage Implementation practices for sprinkle irrigation systems include: • Have an irrigation engineer/specialist check hand-line and side-roll sprinkle field layouts to ensure correct combinations of spacing, operating pressure,sprinkler head, and nozzle size/type • Have an irrigation engineer/specialist check field layouts for flow uniformity-use now control nozzles,pressure regulators as necessary • Maintain sprinkle systems in good operating condition • Use the",jrrrte W technique with hand-line, side-roll,or "big gun" field sprinklers to improve overlap uniformity ,- • Operate in low-wind situations if possible • Modify hand-fine and side-roll sprinkle systems to smaller spacings and lower pressures if wind is a problem • Ensure that center pivot sprinklerinozzle packages match the infiltration rate of the soil • Minimize surface runoff from sprinkle-irrigated fields • Use reservoir tillage(daminertfter)techniques to reduce field runoff • Install runoff-reuse systems Implementation practices for micro-irrigation systems include: • Consult experienced agronomistslengineers to ensure that the appropriate volume of soil is being wetted by the system design • Have an irrigation engineer/specialist check the design for emission uniformity(pressure uniformity,correct pressure for the device)-use pressure regulators and pressure compensating emitters as necessary .• Have the irrigation water analyzed to enable design of an adequate system of water treatment and.filtration • Have a chemical analysis of irrigation watertfertilizerlother additives to ensure compatibility and prevent clogging of the system • Practice good maintenance procedures to ensure that the system performs as designed ESTIMATING SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION FROM THE LOOK AND FEEL OF A SOIL SAMPLE The chart.below Is a compendium of years of experience by Dr.Merriam and his colleagues in the Soil Conservation Service, Bureau of Reclamation,University Extension,and private industry. It is used to gauge soil moisture depletions by observing the took and feel of soil samples. Marty consultants would prefer to work with a sarnple from a caring tool rather than a screw auger or bucket auger. 7of9 1127/03 2:13 A sprinkler Planner http://www.wateri tit.org/site2/adiisories/lprinu-enasi Soil Texture Classification } Moisture Coarse Sandy Medium Fine Deficiency 0oamy sand) (sandy town) (loam) (clay loam) in/ft (field capacity) (field capacity) (field capacity) (held capacity) A --Leaves wet outline -Appears very dark, -Appears very dark, -Appears very dark, on hand when leaves wet outline leaves wet outline leaves slight moisture squeezed. on hand, makes a on hand,will ribbon on hand when .2 short ribbon. out about one Inch, squeezed,will ribbon Appears moist, out about two Inches. makes a weak ball. Quite dark color, Bark color,forma a .4 makes a hard ball. plastic bail, slicks Bark color,will slick _Appears slightly _ when rubbed, and ribbons easily. moist, sticks .6 together slightly. Fairly dark color, Quite dark,forms a makes a good ball. hard ball. Quite dark,will make Dry, loose, flows a thick ribbon, may .8 through fingers. Slightly dark color, slick when rubbed. (wilting point) makes a weak ball. Fairly dark,forms a good ball. 1.0 _ --Lightly colored by -- --Fairly dark, makes a moisture,will not good ball, ball. Slightly dark,formes 4.2 a weak ball. 1tVill ball,small clods Very slight color will flatten out rather due to moisture. than crumble. 1.4 (willing point) Lightly colored, small clods crumble _,,Slightly dark, clods - '- —small easily. crumble. 1.8 Slight color due to moisture, small Some darkness due to 1.8 clods are hares. unavailable moisture, (MIting point) hard&cracked clods (wilting point) 2.0 --- --- --- -_ Table 2-Factors for estimating soil moisture deficit from the look and feel of a soil sample THE SOIL PROBE A sail probe is simply a 4-5 foot long piece of 318 steel with a rounded tip at one enol and a handle at the other. One configuration is shown in Figure 4 below. - 1lbo# of 9i 'lead seat V2 rralx bd booft 3 of 9 1127/03 2:13 .AIN Sprinkler Planner http://www.wateriglitorg/site2/adviscries/sprinMer.i Figure 4 - One configuration of a soil probe The soil probe is one of the handiest tools in your pick-up. It has many uses: a It can be used to check when it is time to move and irrigation set. Just press the tip into the soil at an appropriate spot in the field. If the tip goes in easily to about 1/2 to 2/3 the depth of the effective root zone it is about time to move the set. The area that the tip goes in is probably near saturation. Excess water in this area will drain down to take the rest of the effective root zone to field capacity. • It can be used to check whether an irrigation was sufficient. Wait a day or two after the irrigation to press the tip in. Now it should go easily to the depth of the effective root zone-too shallow and the irrigation was insufficient,too deep and you over-irrigated. • It can be used to check the uniformity of an irrigation. One or two days after an irrigation,go to the most-watered part of the field and press the tip in and record how far you can easily push it in. Then,go to the least-watered area and do the same thing. The difference in the depths is an indication of the uniformity of the irrigation. For sprinkler systems,check at a sprinkler and in the middle of a pattern of four over-lapping sprinklers. • You can also use the soil probe to check the lateral spread of water. This may be especially handy when irrigating every-other furrow and there is a question of whether the beds are getting wetted through sufficiently. • It can be used to check the wetted soil volume under a drip irrigation system. Press the probe in laterally from the emitter to see how far out and deep water spreads. ?Of 9 1/27/03 2:13 A NPS http:t/www.wateright.orgtsite2ladvisorieslaps.asp i Advisory A Summary discussion of Nonpoint Source Pollution in Irrigated Agriculture In This Advisory w No oolnt gf y Po€lut€on Defined • lmtxodance (Eco omlc and Q tt-oWsa)-of NPS . The Stats Water-RoWces, on IBQarrd • Programs for Controlllna and Reducing N2Wo1A Source Poi€utlon • The Model - Nonoo€n,Source Poliut€on(how R o%Urs) • w ort Md eginfall as Detachmestt and Trenaoort Mechanisms • 12eveloping an lndlvldual Water Quality on .1Pian • Llst_of Gammon "Overall M nape antP_€actives"and yarloul"ImyIemMjg§on pmdlws° Purpose of this Advisory • define nonpoint source pollution (NPS) as contrasted to point source pollution Explain the model of nonpoint source pollution • Explain the most common programs for controlling and reducing nonpoint source pollution through "Best Management Practices" . Explain how Irrigation and rainfall act as detachment and transport mechanisms . List the steps for developing an individual water quality control plan • List the most common management practices that can be used to control and reduce NPS as related to Irrigation system management INTRODUCTION Growers have many things to worry about, weather, pest pressures, commodity prices, regulatory requirements, and water supplies among others. Added to this will be concerns over nonpoint source pollution of water resources (NPS). Nationwide, the EPA Is stepping up pressure on Confined Animal Feedlot Operations (GADO)to control manure releases. In California, livestock producers have developed a statewide Water Quality Program under which each producer must develop a Ranch Water Quality Program. Combined Resource Management Pians(CRMP)are becoming popular to control water quality on a watershed-wide basis. This paper will be a short primer on some of the most Important aspects of NPS and how government is approaching control of the problem. it will be worth your time to read through this. NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION DEFINED There are two categories of water pollution,point and nonpoint. Point source pollution occurs when the source of the pollution is readily identifiable. Examples of point source pollution are a discharge pipe from a factory or the outlet from a city's sewage treatment plant. Much State and Federal effort has been directed at controlling and reducing point source pollution as a result of the 1972 Clean water Act. Most significant point sources now operate antler discharge permits that define the conditions of the discharge. These conditions are designed to control the amount of contamination from the individual sources. 'of 12 1/27/03 2:16 AM NPS http:/Iwww.wateright.org/site2/advisorie3t��s.asp Because of the great strides in controlling point source pollution,the emphasis in recent years has switched to nonpoint source pollution. Nonpoint source pollution as defined by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency is: "...pollution..,caused by dCffiase sources that are not regulaxted as point sources...". A definition developed by the State of Washington is: '[nonpoint source is/pollration that enters the waters ofthe state from any dispersed warier-based or land--use activities,including,but not litnited to,atmospheric deposition,surface ivater runoff from agricultural karats,urban areas,and forest landv,subsurface or underground sources,andducharges from boats or other nurrine vessels." Nonpoint source pollution is diffuse and cumulative in nature. Typically it is a combination of many small,even insignificant,sources-any one of which may in fact be legal. However,it is the cumulative effect of many such sources is measurable and leads to significant pollution of ground or surface waters. Nonpoint source pollution is usually the result of land-use activities. This would include dairies,irrigated and dryland agriculture,logging,rangeland management,and food processing(disposal of wastes). However,there are other significant sources of nonpoint pollution. These include: 1.Urban and suburban use of pesticides,herbicides,and nutrients. 2.Runoff from highways and other paved areas. 3.Maintenance of highway and railroad rights-of--way. 4.Mosquito abatement activities. 5.Naturally occurring contamination. 1 The problems facing agriculture in addressing NPS concerns will not go away soon. In 1998,of 64 peer-reviewed papers published by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,34 of them concerned NPS. This indicates that State and Federal governments am committing significant resources s with the long-term goal of controlling and reducing NPS. WHY IS NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION IMPORTANT? What is at the basis of the concern over nonpoint source pollution? The simple fact is that water resources are a shared resource. That is,anyone ground or surface water resource will probably have several types of users.These include agriculture,recreation,industrial,domestic,stack watering,and the natural environment, These uses may be further broken down into such categories as contact(swimming)versus non-contact(fishing and boating only) recreation uses. These different uses require different quality levels. For example,the quality level for drinking water is much higher than that for irrigation water. Degradation of water quality has an economic impact. If the degraded quality of a waterbody prevents a beneficial use,the economic value of that use is lost. For example,if stream or lake quality is impaired to such a degree that fisheries are not supported,the economic value of fishing as both recreation and a food supply is lost. Frequently the values of lost beneficial uses are difficult to estimate accurately. However,they must be considered when formulating policy or determining required actions. The assessment of economic impacts of ground water pollution,including both lost benefits and the(appropriate) 'of 12 1927/03 2:16 AM NPS" http:llwww.wateright orgtniteVadvisorieslnps.nsp cast of remediation and control,are complicated by several factors. These include: • Irreversibility-It may be difficult,if not impossible,and certainly takes substantial time and effort,to clean. } up a contaminated aquifer. As the costs of aquifer cleanup are more accurately identified.(especially with the experience at Superfund sites),it becomes clearer that it is much less expensive to prevent pollution rather than have to clean up pollution. • Uniqueness There may not be a substitute supply in areas where aquifers are a primary water supply. Then the cost of pollution prevention and cleanup are necessary requirements. An aquifer may be designates!d as a "sole-source"aquifer by the Federal Environmental Pyotection Agency. A sole-source aquifer is one that supplies or more of an area's drinking water and to which contamination would create a significant health hazard. • Indivisibility-Aquifers serve many uses and many users. Different parts of aquifers cannot be"fenced off' like real property. If one user pollutes the aquifer,it is generally polluted for all users.Note dist some contamination can be accommodated for some types of uses. Nitrate concentrations in water that preclude its use as drinking water do not adversely affect its use as an irrigation supply. • Uncertainty There is some uncertainty as to ghat is a genuine health risk dire to certain contaminants, especially for long-berm exposures. Numerical limits arse identified by State and Federal Law and are based on a wine variety of health—Mated studies. An important question is when do pollution prevention measures become required based on tests that approach the limit There is also uncertainty about what efforts are required to prevent pollution. Many factors governing pollution very widely from area to area including crops,topography,climate,and aquifer depth and size. Efforts that may be successful one location may not be effective somewhere else. • Acceptable contamination-As stated,there are many uses and many users of ground and surface waters. What is contamination for one class of users may not be commination for another. A continual concern for policymakers is putting too much of an economic burden on one class of users to,prevent contamination for another class. This is especially important in areas of high agricultural activity where the economic viability of the region depending on the economic health of the agricultural sector. THE ROLE OF THE STATE WATER RESOURCES CONTROL BOARD The Federal Euvirourneaud Protection Agency has ultimate responsibility for maintaining water quality in the U.S. However,for the most part they have delegated this responsibility to the different states. In California,it is the State Water Resources Control Board that has responsibility for water quality,among other things. They administer their responsibilities through the different Regional Water Quality Control Boards. Bach Regional Boardd develops a Basin Management Plan. This plan basically: 1. Identifies the water bodies in the basin 2. Identifies the uses for these water bodies 3. Identifies the water quality needed to maintain these uses 4. Undertakes testing to ensure that the quality is being maintained The Regional Boards are responsible for developing the Plans and then putting thein into action.. This may involve taking action against identified polluters,or,in the situation of nonpoint source pollution,develop additional programs for control and reduction of NPS CONTROLLINGAND REDUCING NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION It is difficult,by its nature,to assign specific responsibility for nonpoint source pollution when it occurs. Thus, the current state and federal strategies for reducing and controlling nonpoint source pollution rest heavily on 6f 12 1/27/03 2:16 AM NIPS hnp:il-tvww.wateright.orgisite2ladvisov*e lizps.ay.,p education and voluntary adaptation of those actions which reduce the potential for pollution. Typically,imparter/ areas are studied for the most likely causes of current or potential NPS and education/demonstration/assistance programs developed to address local conditions. The most common term associated with these types of programs is"best management practices"or BMPs. The term"best management practice"comes from language in early laws that essentially said that"best management practices shall be used as of..". BMPs are actions involving the hardware,prooess,or management, or all three,that will act to reduce or control nonpoint source pollution. The educationidemonstrationlassismnce programs mentioned above will seek to identify the practices that will reduce or control nonppint source pollution. Then,through education,demonstration,and assistance,individual farmers are encouraged to adopt these identified practices. There is much controversy over the use of the term"best management practice". The fear is that a list will be written and approved,thus forcing farmers to adopt certain practices,regardless of the circumstances. Many professionals now recognize this problem. In fact,a manual identifying practices that could help reducelcoutrot NPS that I helped write for the State of Washington did not use the term"best management practice". Our approach was to define six Overall Management Objectives(Improving Irrigation Performance was one of them) and then identify various practices that could be used to achieve the Objectives. The specific practices that would be implemented by anyone farmer would depend on the situation. Thus,that manual recognized,as we all know,that there are no"best"management practices. There are some practices that work in some situations,others that work in other situations. Typically,programs to address NPS have three tiers. L. Tier I programs rely on voluntary adaptation of management practices that will reduce,prevent,and control NPS. 'These programs involve research to clearly define the problem and its causes,clearly define the management practices that can compbat the problem(s),design and implement education and outreach programs,design and implement demonstration projects(to demonstrate how the management practices can be implemented,and obtain grants and low-interest loans. 2. Tier 2 is implemented if Tier I (the voluntary adaptation of management practices)is seen not to be effective. In Tier 2 there maybe a reappraisal of the problem and proposed solutions. However,the main difference will be that responsible parties may have to sign binding agreements with regulatory agencies. This is oiled a"regulatory-encouraged"phase. The responsible parties still have some flexibility in what actions they take but now there is a binding agreement in place to ensure that these actions actually are implemented. 3. Tier 3 is implemented if Tier 2 is not effective. Tier 3 is termed "regulatory-enforced". At this stage of the game,"ease-and-desist"orders may be issued,in which case whatever activities are seen to be causing the pollution must cease. Another possible action in this stage is the issuance of Waste Discharge Permits,in which case the activity is allowed,but under strict control as to discharges of potential contaminents. The Tier I programs have many of the following characteristics: . The problem is correctly identified,not only to program designers,but also,and more importantly,to the customer.It is important to note that at this stage the customer,through industry leadership,is part of the problem identification process.It is likely that this is the critical stage for development of a successful program.If the problem is not correctly identified then resources will be wasted.If all participants do not "buy-in"to the problem identification then the program will be plagued with political problems. . Viable solutions are identified(a common term for these solutions is"Best Management Practice").Again, customers are part of this process to ensure that solutions are practical and economical. . Education and outreach efforts are put in place to make all concerned aware of the problem and the potential solutions.Customers must see that there is a problem,that the problem is theirs,and that there is something that can be done about it.Supply-side"players"are encouraged ter stock the appropriate parts and/or learn the design,installation,and management techniques required for the solutions. . Demonstration projects are funded so that customers can see the solutions in action. • Financing assistance may be put in place depending on the situation. • Monitoring is put in place to judge whether the program is effective or not,and to indicate where and when of 12 1/2.7/03 2:16 AM NPS. http://Www.waterightorg/site2/advisories/nps.asp changes should be trade. * There are clear and quantifiable goats identified that signify success MODEL OF THE POLLUTION PROCESS Agriculture is not the only source of NPS. However,it is to our benefit to,address the issue in a manner that will minimize any impacts from agriculture activities. To deal effectively with NPS,and to intelligently choose the actions that anyone individual might take,requires an understanding of the NPS process and where irrigated agriculture fits. Pollution is the result of a series of processes. These can be generally categorized as availability, detachment,and transport. 1. Availability-Availability means that there is a potentially polluting substance in some amount and in some place. The potential pollutant could be sediment(from a highly erosive soil),nutrient(excess fertilizer in or on the soil,or from mineralization of crop residues),pesticide,bacteria,or some other harmful matter. 2. Detachment,17etachment means that the potential pollutant or its environment is modified so that the substance can be moved from where it is supposed to be to where it should not be. For example,a pesticide is sprayed on a field. The residue adsorbs to soil particles. Due to excess irrigation or rainfall,or just a highly erosive soil in a high wind,the soil particles separate from the rest of the field. That is detachment A substance dissolving into water or changing fom may also be considered a form of detachment since in many cases the substance will move:readily with percolation. This type of detachment mayor may not result in significant pollution depending on the substance. For example,the ammonium form of dissolved nitrogen(NH4)does not move readily with water while the nitrate(NO3)form is highly leachable. Hereafter,when the term"detachment'is used,it implies either a.a physical separation of soil particles(with or without adsorbed chemicals or nutrients), b.the dissolving of a substance that allows it to move readily with surface.runoff or deep percolation. The surface runoff or deep percolation could be the result of natural rainfall or irrigations. Or. c.the transformation of a chemical that allows it to trove readily with surface runoff or deep percolation. 3. Transport Transport means that the pollutant is moved to where it may be harmful. For example,the soil particle carrying pesticide residues is cartied off the field with surface runoff from irrigations or rainfall,or high winds. The runoff carrying the sediment then enters a river or lake. Another example is nitrate(NO3} fertilizer being leached into ground water through over irrigation(intentional or not). To summarize,pollution occurs through availability,detachment,and transport.There is a potentially polluting substance in some amount in sante place(available).The substance can be separated from where it is sum to be(detachment).And finally,the substance moves to where it becomes harmful to man or the environment (transport). Thus,the main factors in reducing potential pollution are: 1. Minimized availability of the potential pollutant iu the environment-this is why you see management practices es focused on reducing the amount and manner of chemical sprays and fertilizer applications(Le. integrated pest management programs and plant/soil sampling to guide fertilizer applications).. 2. Minimized detachment of the substance-this is why you see practices aimed at stabilizing soil('4e cousevation tillage),or the encouraging the use of chemicalffertilizer compounds that do not transform as readily(i.e.use of less volatile chemicals,or those with shorter half-lives). df 12 1/27/03 2:26 AM NPS httpJ/www.watedght.orgtsite2/advisori.As/nprs.isp 3. Minimized transport of the substance-surface runoff or deep percolation from irrigation and rainfall are prime transport mechanisms for irrigated agriculture, This is why you seethe management practices mimed at improving irrigation performance(i.e. irrigation scheduling,irrigation system evaluations). i IRRIGATION AND RAINFALL AS DETACHMENT AND TRANSPORT MECHANISMS Water is extremely important in the detachment and transport processes. High flows in furrows,or excessive application rates under a sprinkle irrigation system can cause soil erosion which can create a sedimentation problem. It also creates the potential to transport chemicals attached to the soil particles. Excess deep percolation can leach nutrients and other chemicals to ground water. Thus,when applying water it is well to consider the fate of that water. Sall J ^' ~d y ti t t f 4 f 1 +t Y' t , u Figure I - Schematic of the hydrologic cycle )of 12 1/27/03 2:16 A-M NPS " http://www.wateright.org/siteVadvisories/nps.asp The fate of applied water can be better understood if the total hydrologic cycle is understood first. The hydrologic cycle,illustrated in Figure 1,describes the movement of water through its different forms and locations. Important processes in the.hydrologic cycle are: E . t.Evaporation the transformation of liquid water into water vapor from free water surfaces. 2.Precipitation(rain or snow). 3.Runoff-water moving overland or in a river or stream. 4.Infiltration-the movement of water into the soil. 5.Percolation the movement of water through the soil. 6.Freezing-liquid water fuming into ice 7.Thawing-melting of ice 8.Transpiration-the movement of water vapor out through plantlanimal tissue surfaces into the atmosphere. A term that is used constantly by agriculturists is"evapotranspiration". This refers to the total extraction of water from the soil when it is cropped. It consists of direct evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration from the plant's surfaces. The hydrologic cycle essentially indicates that there is a set amount of water in the world. It may be in various forms(ice,liquid,vapor)and in different places(outs and lakes,rivers and streams,the atmosphere,or in ground water aquifers). Importantly,it may be in different qualities. For example,a possible path in.the cycle may start with evaporation of water from the ocean into vapor that forms clouds.These clouds then move over land and cause rainfall. Some of the rain percolates into the soil and moves to a ground water aquifer. A farmer pumps from the aquifer to apply to a crop. Then,the crop takes up the soil water and evaporates it back to the air. In the air it forms clouds which again rain and the cycle repeats. Another path would be for some of the rainfall to runoff to a creek. The creek turns into a river and the river flows to the ocean. The water then evaporates from the ocean to turn into clouds again. To further explain the above examples,when water is applied to a field through irrigation or rainfall,none of it is "host".Different portions of that water will move through different paths in the hydrologic cycle. Some of the paths are more desirable than others. For example,it is desirable that most water applied be stored in the root zone so that it is available for plant uptake. Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the root zone during an irrigation showing the different fates of the applied water. f 12 1/27/03 2:16 AM NPS http://www.csaterigbt orgtsiteZfaclviso€xe lnps:+�ap hq � '":4 .., _x.... °;::.• :Irti�riediat+�;�ra�ioration hurtgP` a 1LtKatian or front : :4:- a,•. . ��,. ;:*�' , - :: v 5-04,.or plant surfaces r ti l into soil' prfat r�irt ff ti. Mont zone storage C7leoladon . Figure 2-Schematic of the different "fates" or "destinations" of water during and after an irrigation Specific fates of water applied to a field due to an irrigation or rainfall are illustrated in Figure 2. They inch: I.. Immediate evaporation-some water will immediately evaporate during an irrigation or rainfall. Evaporation losses during a sprinkle application may range from 6 to 15%or more depending on temperature,humidity, and wind conditions. 2. Surface runoff-if applied water does not infiltrate into the soil it will run off the surface.This runoff may go to a creek or stream,or may be picked up by a runoff reuse system on the farm,or on another farm downstream. 3. Deep percolation-water that infiltrates the soil may be picked up by the crop to become evapotranspiration, or may percolate below the root zone.The deep percolation could end up in a usable aquifer for later pumping and reapplication to the farm. 4. Root zone storage-which eventually will be picked up by the crop and evapotranspired back to the atmosphere. A major management objective for growers is to minimize the amounts of surface runoff and deep percolation. Surface runoff can be an important detachment mechanism depending on the erosivity of the sort. Deep percolation and surface runoff are the primary transport mechanisms causing contamination. They move sediment, chemicals,and fertilizers from the field to surface and ground waters. Minimiziag deep percolation and surface runoff(or its control)is the result of proper management of the irrigation. This means achieving good distribution uniformity(an even application of water throughout the field)and controlling the total application of water. }uf 12 2/2.7103 2:16 AM ................................................................................. NPS< http./fwww.wateright.orglsite2/advisodes/aps.nip INDIVIDUAL.WATER QUALITY PROGRAM PLANNING You may be called upon to develop your own water quality control plan if you fall under the auspices of u Tier I program. Planning an individual water pollution reduction/control program doesn't have to be a complicated process.It is important to remember the overall objectives of minimizing: 1. Availability 2. Detachment/transformation 3. Transport A feasible planning process could include the following steps 1. Assess the current situation-This would include assessing the susceptibility of the environment to pollution,identifying current contamination levels and types,identifying regional programs that might be in place and on-going demonstration projects.The objective is to identify what,and how,contaminants are being made available,being detached,and being transported 2. Assess the future-Are specific contaminants under control or are they an increasing problem? 3. Identify specific objectives-Which Overall Management Objective(s)is(are)not being achieved? 4. Identify the Practices that will help-There may be more than one Practice that will help achieve an Objective.Also note that implementing one practice might force the implementation of others. 5. Choose the most applicable Practice(s)-The choice may be rade on effectiveness or economics.or both. Be aware of what Practices have been used locally already.Check with local resource such as Conservation Districts,the WSU Cooperative Extension,and local consultants. 6. .Develop a realistic timeline for implementation 7. Monitor the situation-Choices for Practices to implement,and how they are actually implemented,are very often subjective.Changes in water quality or indications of program effectiveness can take time to appear.It is important that some type of program evaluation procedures be used for guidance on future decisions. Even if the original assessment(steep 1.above)finds no serious problems,some type of program should be in place to prevent problems from arising.Common components of such programs would include proper maintenance of irrigation systems and fertilizer/chemical application equipment,some form of irrigation scheduling,use of applicable IPM techniques,and proper use of chemigationlfertigation equipment. OBJECTIVE-IMPROVE IRRIGATION PERFORMANCE TO MINIMIZE SURFACE RUNOFF AND EXCESSIVE DEEP PERCOLATION A good example of an overall Manual of non-point source pollution in irrigated agriculture is Publication EM4885 "Irrigation Management Practices to Protect Ground Water and Surface Water Quality-State of Washington". This Manual was developed by the Washington State University Cooperative Extension. The primary purpose of the Manual is to present six Overall Management Objectives(OMO or Objective)for irrigated agriculture in Washington State. The Objectives,if achieved,should help to minimize availability,detachment/transformiation, and transport of potential pollutants. In addition,they should help to minimize water diversions for irrigation, minimize soil erosion,and produce a profitable crop. A list of Implementation Practices(IP or Practice)that have been shown to aid in achieving the OMO is provided with each OMO. The Practices may involve a change in hardware,change in management,or both.The OMOs and U's are listed in this bulletin. The specific IPs to use will vary with a given situation. However,the OMOs are constant and should be achieved by all. Objective 2 addresses irrigation performance. A summary of that Objective and the Practices identified for it are seen below. bf 12 1/27/03 2:16 AM NPS http://www.waiteright.org/site2/advisofic-.gJnp,,S.a,-,p Objective 2 -Improve irrigation system performance and management in order to minimize deep percolation and surface runoff ? There are four sections within this Objective,three listing Implementation Practices for different irrigation system types and one listing Practices that are applicable to any irrigation system type. Those practices that can be used with any irrigation system type include: 1P 2.01.01-Measure all water applications accurately 1P 2.01.02-Monitor pumping plant eft envy IP 2.01.03-Evaluate the irrigation system using SCS or YVSU Cooperative Extension procedures IP 2.01.04-Know required leaching ratios to maintain salt balances IP 2.01.05-Use irrigation schedrding as anaid in deciding when and Trow rruich to irrigate IP 2.01.05-Practice total planning of individual irrigations IP 2.01.07- Use two irrigation systems in special situations(sprinklers for pre-krigadons then farrows;portable gated pipe to reduce furrow lengtl'rs for pre-irrigations;sprinklers to germinate croups irrigated by micro-irrigation;over-tree sprinkler for cooling with undertree irrigation) IP 2.01.08-Consider changing the irrigation system type IP 2.01.09-Use aerial photography to identify patterns that indicate problems with krigadonldrainage Implementation practicer for surface (urrow/rill, border strip)irrigation systems include. IP 2.02.01-Increase furrow f lows to mwdinum non-erosive strearnsize if water advance is slow IP 2.02.02-Use torpedoes to farm a firm,obstruction free channel,or furrow flow IP 2.02.03-Use surge-flow techniques IP 2.02.04-Decrease the length of furrow mars IP 2.02.05-Install a suitable fwld gradient using laser-controlled grading where soil depth allows IP 2.02.05-Irrigate a freld in two cycles,one cycle with water in the comparted furrows,one in the uncompacted furrows IP 2.02.07-Drive a tractor with no tools in the uncompacted rows to equalize the infiltration rates in adjacent furrows IP 2.02.08-Use laser-controlled land grading to take out high and low spots in afield IP 2.02.09-Rip hardpans and compacted soil layers to improve infiltration rates IP 2.02.10-Use cutback farrow flows to reduce surface runoff of 12 1127/03 2:16,Ahs =NPhttp.Ilw�vw.watazight.argtsite2/udv�sories/nps.nsp IP 2.02.11-Install runoff-reuse systems IP 2.02.12-Reduce furrow,flows to minrrnum necessary to ensure down-row uniformity if excess runoff is a problem IP 2.02.13-Control the total application of water IP 2.0214-Apply water only in every other furrow Itnplententation practices for sprinkle irrigation systems include: IP 2.03.01-Have an irrigation engineerlspecialist check hand-line and side-roll sprinkle,field layouts to ensure correct combinations of spacing,operating pressure, sprinkler head,and nozzle sizeltype IP 2.03.02-Have an irrigation engineer/specialist check field layouts for flow uuri fnrrrnity-use flow control nozzles,pressure regulators as necessary IP 2.03.03-.Maintain sprinkle systems in good operating condition IP 2.03.04- Use the"lateral offset"technique with hand-tine,side-roI4 or"big gran" ,)field sprinklers to improve overlap uniformity IP 2.03.05-Operate in low-wind situations!f possible IP 2.173.06-Modify hand-line and side-roll sprinkle systems to smaller spacings and lower pressures#wind is a problem IP 2.03.07-Ensure that center pivot sprinklerinozzle packages match the infrltradon rate of the soil IP 2.03.08-Minimize surface runoff froin sprinkle-irrigated fields IP 2.03.09-Use reservoir tillage(dammerldiker)techniquesto redrice field runoff IP 2.03.10-Install runoff-reuse systems(see IP 2.02.11) Implementation practices for micro-irrigation systems include: IP 2.04.01-Consult experienced agr onornistslengineers to ensure that the appropriate volume of soil is being wetted by the system design IP 2.04.02-Have an irrigation engineer/specialist check the design for emission uniformity(pressure uniformity,correctpresmovefor the device)-use pressure regulators and pressure compensating emitters as necessary IP 2.04.03-Have the irrigation water analyzed to enable design of an adequate system of water treatment and fithudon IP 2.04.04-Have a chemical analysis of irrigation water/fertilizerlother additives to ensure compatibility and prevent clogging of the syste t IP 2.04.05-Practice good maintenance procedures to ensure that the system performs as designed. of 12 1127(03 2.16 AM NPS http://www.waleright.orglsite2/advLso6"/np.s.ptsp Page last updated 09/13/00 Of 12 1/27/03 2:16 AM ............................................................. ........................................... ............................................................................................................................ 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ROA t a � � .0 Y. r tyrf i+G,,�d�� ti�•1F ,Q #+Y�z i a €�,- ��a S• ave a x'� t a 5 ,t � u yaks i t rr'�hs~h 'a1$y"�hk r}4T�!x1Yts 3r! i t i .r 4tyth� 1 5 t i iaei 4.Y lex, � a Y�saai�t W Yy„„4 �6tTs gff . r`1 � ,�*.LL� d afi�✓5 ..f` 1• k s.Y�rc�PN� f Wt'�y°i {,�It✓ .I'�'t t �3 + t I� Wl water outdoors is simple:design your —emphasis on record-keeping to maintain con- scape for water savings; select and sistency in water use overtime.site maps,meter maps, controller maps, current schedules,and place plants properly; practice goad garden post scheduks Water�e kvu&-A pc maintenance;and water with care. —recommendations for increasing crater use techniques can allow yru efficieng to cut costs and improw L$MUD offers free programs for all customers —evaluation for eligibility in the Irrigation the health and rrigrrof your plants, with landscapes larger than one acre.Property Upgrade Program ownerslrrianagers, landscape committee per- sonnel,landscape maintenance personnel,and ®lrrigatxon tlpg mk P"Ogram city parks maintenance departments can EBMUD's Irrigation Upgrade Program is benefit from these programs. designed to help large landscape irrigators improve the efficiency of existing irrigation ®Landscape Irrigation Audits systems.Customers who participate in a land- Are you watering too often, or not often scape irrigation audit may qualify for rebates st enough? Our irrigation specialists will show oF ' 100 percent ofd tnater%als`� of You and your landscape maintenance personnel installing water-efficient irrigation equipment. how to use existing equipment most efficiently The goal is to optimize equipment perfor- med tell you about the latest in water-efficient mance by improving irrigation uniformity and technologies and practices. Landscape irr ga.- lowering water delivery rues, resulting in tion audits include: shorter watering times, less waste, and leer —evaluation of current and past water use water bills. --site inspection and evaluation of existing irri- gation systems: controllers, drip, spro rotors, ■Receive u 5096 Eiifl6i`tl.D contribution jor bubbkm moisture sensors,pressure regaalrmrs _irrigation controllers:pmvUinrgmore prams and valves and start times —un fvrmity tests —matched precipitation rate sprinkler heads: —on-site training in the principles of efficient standardizing make and model within circuits irrigation:evapotrranspimtion(EV,precipita- tion rates, infiltration rata, root zone depth, E e ft+e a 7596EB1C�t��)contribution,�rir• and crop coefficients -drip irrigation systems acrd equipment convert- - onvert--assistance in developing an irrigation schedule ing existing spray systems to drip based on ET rates —pressure regulation drvira.installing reducers, regulators and valves i } M r• 0 Receive a 10096.EBMUD contribution fir: N Workhops and Maes —rttcrasturt sensors: tensiorraeters, elretrical renis- Ask about training for groups of up to � Lance meters people on irrigation management. .. --rain shut-off devices.prevent irrigation during rainfall --check valves.stop low head drainage Phone the ET Hodine at{5 5'. s nozzlesimprove coverage, reduce overspr zy obtain current information o and evapotranspirarion.ET is qtr,. " 0 Dour do ou artici ate?' f .Y ,�' .�' your plants'water needs. , z'•. a�,m . I Contact the Water Conservation Offlce to of water, it is used for establi arrange Erie a water audit irrigation schedules. 2 Submit a proposal firm fir BBB UD revieta A Distrkt rtpt serrta#ere may inspect the upgraded area(s). Books,Brochures,and ,. 3 If the project it approve4 EBMUD will send EBMUD distributes a publications, you a project agreement for your signature, including the award-winning book, Water Qn- You will have 5+0 days ter corgl ette the equip_ serving P nts and I�x�ez for the Buy An�x rnent upgrrtde, Brochures and landscape videos are available, 5 When the upgrttde is complete,BBMUD may including Drip Irrigation Guidelines, Firescape, inspect the upgn ded areas, will arrange fir and Watemae G-arrlening. Call the"mater Con - will and will review the importance of proper program ming to ensure water savings, setymon t7fhce or your EBMLTD bttssness aft. �:� �Q �a�' e� .'�Sl�^^yy��I"vU'"�'",, "4 �t����Sr�i�� `W�`i, g •f y..r,. # r LVVM &1W by as muds &30096,Improve your umer we efflimV NAh*a ,G nhcge i"jV%ion auc�iri y + I yy{{ppt i p a. Lattclscaps Plass Review EBMUD specialists will review landscape plans for new service connections for water use efficiency.Conservation staffwill thea prepare a checklist of specific water conservation recommendations for your site.This process does not delay your application for new ' M Conservation on the Internet service connections. EItMCII of rs rttslr Visit our web site at wwutelmstua!+com for infor- reb4tes to cust"m ufbo mation on the District and water conservation. 0 ERMUD Water Conservation Diarisiaw upgrade tlicir existing inig $On erlsipnrcnturiA Phone. (510)287-05901 Mrs ua ti 6dent 8 Aewsletter of er. Mailingaam. The District publishes the Landscape Advisory 2130 Adeline 5t., Bm24055,MS48 Newsletter to keep customers up-to-date on Oakland,CA Oakland,CA 94607- issues related to landscape water conservation. 424U 94623-1055 Call the'Mater Conservation Office to be EBMUD Barrirtr��: placed on the mailing list. San Leandro Business Office and Fater Educration Center 1595 Washington Ave. 0 Landscape Advisory Committee San Leandro, CA 94577(514)483-3540 EBMUD works hand-in-hand with local Richmorsd Buritsess QPe 1430 Nevin Ave. Ricfirnorxri; CA948t11(51 11,3 232-5031.nurserymen, landscape architects, landscape contractors, grid ether representatives of the �ulnua Crak►k Busc`rur�1535 Bonanza St Walnut Creek, CA 94596(925)820-6600 "green industry,'to discuss issues of common interest and to collaborate on educational 0,tkAind Business Office 375 11th Street, t7aklar CA 94647(514)287-13,60 projects involving water conservation.. Pu61irlxd h 4e AAninirtratkn A7daHvwmt render P,e Arecoon of tthe ERMUID Board of directors Pritated'on recycled rind reyckbleMer 25M 5198