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HomeMy WebLinkAboutMINUTES - 03212000 - P1 t THE BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF CONTRA COSTA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA Adopted this Order on March 21, 2000 by the following vote: AYES: Supervisors Gioia,Uilkema,DeSaulnier, Canciamilla and Gerber NOES. Mone ABSENT: None ABSTAIN: None SUBJECT": The effects of pitch canker and greenwaste in Contra Costa County. On this date,the Board of Supervisors heard a presentation on the effects of pitch canker and green waste on Contra Costa County, given by Richard Hawley, Executive Director, Greenspace. There were no requests from the public to speak on the matter. Following discussion,the Board took the following actions: ACCEPTED the presentation on the effects of pitch canker and greenwaste on Contra Costa County and REFERRED the matter to the Community Development Department and the Agricultural Commissioner. I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and correct copy of an action taken and entered on the minutes of the Board of Supervisors on the date shown. ATTESTED: l Phil Batchelor,Clerk of the Board of Supervisors and County Administrator By ! t ,. ,� ,,---- ' Deputy CC: CAO CDD Agricultural Commissioner The Cambria Land Trust FEBCommunity Ca;tservatian Since 1988 B "' 000 January 27,2000 CLERK BOARD OF SUPERVISORS CONTRA C STA CO, Ann Cervelli ' Clerk, Board of Supervisors ' 651 Pine Street, First Floor Martinez, California 94553 RE: REQUEST FOR PITCH CANKER.PRESENTATION TO CONTRA COSTA COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS Dear Ms Cervelli: Greenspace—The Cambria Land Trust is requesting to be placed on the agenda of the Contra Casts County Board of Supervisors for a 15-minute presentation on pitch canker. Some of the key components of this presentation will include: ♦ What is pitch canker? +► Steps local governments can take to develop programs to slow the spread of pitch canker. ♦ Why is it important to slow the spread of pitch canker? ♦ How does it spread and what is its link with solid waste systems and AB 939? ♦ Examples of program options for the use of pine materials. Funding options for programs. ♦ Examples of model resolutions and model ordinances which reflect the recommended programs. ♦ Highlights of the research, interviews and survey results which identified current systems for capturing,handling,using and disposing of pine and other wood materials. Background Pitch canker is a lethal fungal disease that is causing the death of Monterey pines and other native trees throughout California. It is estimated that up to 85%of the 50 million native and ornamental Monterey pines will be destroyed by this disease. The resulting greenwaste will be added to the ever increasing stream of wood waste currently produced and, if measures are not taken to alter methods of disposal, will end up in the landfills of Contra Costa County. With time running out for compliance with AB 939, The Integrated Waste Management Act, alternative systems must be implemented(please see enclosed Associated Press article). Greenspace would like the opportunity to present to you programs that reduce this greenwaste flow while at the same time provide local jobs and low cost products. There are no chemical preventative measures that can be taken to avert pitch canker. puce a tree has become infected with the disease,there is no known cure. The most effective measure that can currently be taken against pitch canker, which is spread primarily through the transportation Post Office Box 1505 of infected tree material, is to slow the dissemination of the disease from Cambria,CA 93428 infested to uninfested areas of the state. Telephone 805.927.4964 FAX 805.927.5102 PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER Contra Costa County Board of Supervisors Agenda Item Request Page Two Pitch canker has been recognized as a critical statewide problem, as evidenced by the$2 million allocated to its solution by the Governor of California. A Zone of Infestation was established in June of 1997 by the State Board of Forestry which encompasses 22 counties from Mendocino to San Diego, including Contra Costa County.In 1998,under contract with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Greenspace--The Cambria Land Trust wrote a report entitled"Programs for Capturing,Handling,Utilizing, and Disposing of Infected Pine Material". In September of 1999 the State Task Force on Pitch Canker contracted Greenspace to present the information in this report to each county in the Zone of Infestation. I am enclosing a copy of the Introduction to"Programs for Capturing, Handling, Utilizing, and Disposing of Infected Pine Material"to give you a better picture of the problem Contra Costa County is facing and a look at some of the solutions to those problems. For purposes of this report, San Luis Obispo Com was used as a model county in the Zone of Infestation(due to its heavy infestation of pitch canker) and provides a template for other counties in the Zone to follow. I am also enclosing a copy of a brochure prepared for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection entitled"Pine Pitch Canker, A Threat to California Pines", a brochure entitled"Save Your Pine Trees"and information regarding the pitch canker web site. A representative of Greenspace will be contacting your office in the next few weeks to arrange for a elate after February 1'to place this item on your agenda. If you have any questions,please do not hesitate to give me a call. Best regards, Richard Hawley :Executive Director Enclosures STAIR ASANDAT911 Cities behind ing' arbaa fight HUN1:3It,E17S, INCLUDING E A1O THE TRIBUNE Dtcc:x8sx x7, xggt SLOS NOT MEETING SO-PERCENT GOAL Recycling What ft low»qty: By MAxTuA B"st s �?"" Fin Al California's Integrated Waste Management Act of t astolisnad OS ANGan--Hundreds $3.6 million annually,about$l0,000 one of the nation's most Comprehensive and aggressivs roe M9 of California cities And coup` a day.Fuses will not be levied until pollciss,Highlights of the law; tiles are Lalling short of an , 2001. •Requires that each clty and county'ln ca utorr�divert 25 percent of ambitious goal to halve the Among those expected to fail are all solid waste from landfills by Jan.%1995,through recycling,con- amount of garbase they several cities in fast-growing Sea servation and composting.Cities and counties must divert 50 percent dump id landillts'by 2000 add could Diego,Orange, San Bernardino Jan.t.2000 It auttwrtaes the integrated Waste be fined up to$10,000 a dsay,state 4' and Loa Angeles counties,ioclud- g Management Mala and enviroanaedtal groups say Ins Lynwood.San Gabriel,Laguna ti,Board to fine jurisdictions up to$10,000 a day for tauten to comply, of 45l Juritseiictlo"that rep"Wd to' Beech and Coronado.Los Angeles, i Require$each city and county to submit a Source Reduction and Re- the state,oaks 104,or 2 percent:had ' Sacramento and Sad Diego,among ,,cycling Ela"At plan describing hour It will meet the deidlim& met the goal at the end of 1997,sn Ass.i the states biggest cities,are close soclated Pre"review of the reports to the 50 percent goal. +Establish"an integrated waste management plan for the sntlrt' found.Reports fled for 1998,although thJo John utilities director for states that promotes reduction of the sources of writs,recycUng. ' incomplete,indicate the percentage Obispo,said he r*yK compo ting and environmentally sate Incineration and landfills. hAs remained roughly the setae,with estIMAtes that the city has reduced only a year left before the deadline, its waste stream by 34 percent to 39 •Associated Press "We know lea doable and folks have percent, short of the 50-percent gotten there.but the bottom fine is the g� majority of jurisdictions are going to The city Is having trouble reach- cycling and hazardous waste pro- on. fail,'said Mark Murray.awtitive di- ins the 50-percent mark because r snaaaser.San Francisco has Watchdog groups have accused rector of Btcrameoto-based Californi- construction activity peaked this hovered between 35 percent and 40 the state of not promoting markets ans Against Waste,as les4layf watchdog year,and the landfills have been percent since 1995. for recycled products aggressively group, taking in an unusual amount of con- 'The closer you get to 50,the enough.although some are already Thr lategrated Waste Management struction debris The city Is looking harder it gets,"he said. ' I saturated.Some city waste man- Act is the nation's most comprehensive at ways of diverting the stream of So far,the Integrated Waste Man- agement officials,meanwhile,say recycling law.It roan all garbage,not construction materWL agement Board has targete4'64 businesses are to blame. just bottles and cans`,and emphasisesIf that effort is successful,the Cities and counties for failing to "'Me bulk of our tonnage comes changes in packagins or busitsess psao- city oil have no trouble reaching meet the 1995 deadline.It required from the commercial sector;taoteIs, tires that will lower the Amount of rub- its 50-percent goal,Mo"said.Ali them to implement a list of pro- restaurants,produce markets,`said bish produced the other recycling programs re- grams and actions that will In- ,the recycling and waste Passed in 1889,the act aims to can quired by state law are in piece,be crease their recycling rates. If manager In San Francisco. "We the burden on landfills while reducing said, those fall,they will face fines. need to locrassa efforts therm` pollution.saving asiam 4ad California wade about 37 iqa,� I1}+x board did dotaatsactiott ral}qut, The.law places a seemingly no- trees,It required r.ittes rrountles tons of solid waste a yea ,to,l :Aa sjgb#�of tlga towns utast fi4Cd to.' fair burster on doles and sxauati+es, cut by 25 percent the amriunt of wsate. acro"the stA#e Oa avast„ :ttsr+et=the dessdllde'becauee It`felt board spokesman SChmidle said. going to landfills.by 1985.They must ante.thaw landfills care keep ta{diag their+effprts tlaiiafiad the;spirit of But through an aggressive use of . divert 50 percept by Jan,1.2000. garbage for about 25 more yeah,•s,"lr,,�,#9,lit( pa$d•loha Frith, l witate ordinances,cities cap force private Cities and counties that fail to meet The Associated Press review .4314448 ettped. sed apokeaupw companies to reduce or recycle Clic deadline fops fleece that could tap found that dozens of towns, fihe ap;ertic�said tnaney'is uaaaai•;;their wsate,he said barely started programs,despite .) the tCAsou that srlssdiClississ mis4 Some hotels"y they have al- Plasm m 1°t RECYCLRiG6 As&Pop the deadline.More than half of ju. ''.the mark Its sonde'Cases,the citta ready taken steps to reduce their risdictions were diverting jtigt;40 councils didn'tvote In funds.for,the ;waste. percent of their trash from lodflas< ',programs,In.,others,the money;,; Beverly Hila-based Hilton Hotels according to 1997 reports �,�-� $.simply s,ay wa#q'f:tji ere,�saial.Chris ,Corp.la one,its katals In the Bay Even those cities probably wont' t hmldle, waste. boars) ,area recycle glass, pl4sstlo;Alu- meet the goal,environmental eek p°kef r, C'mloum,'offico paper.sad card-, Ports say. Delays r>litics:mury Coma frain the.,, board.sold Jim Hem'&director "Getting that last little bit is nit rKas4fi'tttaa sprneat board.It has$,..with Hilton San Francisca,`They do- cult to do,"said 5Amgel Yigll;'nut o8I1r4064tly figishad.MICIel0tt' gatA Wititover food to shelters and environmental engineering pirofeF-the reports filed for the 1995 dead have shipped old mattresses to sor at CAlfornia Polytechnic State 'hne and has not yet begun to re- Central America for flood relief. University,San Lads Obis "Sst. 'view the hundreds of suomissions `We give away everything we Out up green waste r+gryc And . x,1997 and 1998. possibly can just so It won't go to A curbside recycling,those were the`•` is Many cities and counties are be- iara44140 Hart said easy ones.They've already,pJck4 -.hind In'filing air well, although the low-hanging fruit." ,, ' there is no flap for being Isto.'1 P: Results Boat the 1996 cad 2998 San Francisco.for examplewee`?'"most half failed to submit their report;osis,be abta4adImn flet Ja- diverting 40 percent of its graph In, 1098 reports by August 1989,as re.• tsgrrsted Waste 1ilass4gewat,rloord i 1998. but officials doubt,.it-wIIl'-cluired,. Web site at ul ake that last 10 percent by 2000With the law's deadlne'luomins, svwaceiss�asi.ea 6avr�j�ats�prta�irar. s said David Assmaun,the city's r '•T' she finger pointing has already be- rpw u asp. :4, .L� r,.'"'-.•.E.�,, 5" INTRODUCTION About Pitch Canker Pitch canker is an introduced fungal tree disease first discovered in California in 1986. On June 4, 1997 by resolution the State Board of Forestry established the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation (ZOI or Zone) which includes all or portions of 22 coastal counties from Mendocino to San Diego. The resolution is included as Attachment A. Since its discovery, pitch canker has proven to be a serious and lethal disease of Monterey and bishop pines and is known to infect numerous other native California pines. In response to this threat the statewide Pitch Canker Task Force was formed and has since developed recommendations (Attachment B). Wind, bark beetles and other insects carry the fungus, Fusarium subglutinans f sp.pini, from tree to tree. Long-distance spread of the disease occurs as people transport whole logs, firewood, Christmas trees,yard waste, wood chips, and residential and commercial wood waste infected with pitch canker. Pitch canker has been found in 18 counties within the Zone. An additional 4 counties are included within the Zone because of the high likelihood that the disease will be found in these counties in the near future. There are many areas within the Zone that are still free of the disease. Because of the devastating nature of pitch canker and because there is no known chemical cure or preventative, a primary effort of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection(CDF) is to slow the spread of the disease from infested to uninfested areas within the Zone and to areas outside the Zone. Slowing the spread of pitch canker is dependent on development of programs that will leverage changes in how and where people transport infected pine materials by: ♦ Capturing maximum volumes of potentially infected pine materials for handling, processing for use, and disposal in managed systems. ♦ Processing pine materials using a method that eliminates the pathogen. Reducing the distances pine materials are transported by processing materials close to the point of generation. ♦ Reducing the release of the pathogen via insect vectors during transport by ensuring that pine materials are transported in enclosed vehicles. The Need for Cooperation and for Assuming Responsibility Because private business, residents, vacationers, non-governmental organizations, and government agencies all participate in the spread of pitch canker in everyday activities of transporting logs, firewood, chips, branches, needles, cones, and trees that include pine materials, slowing the spread of the disease will require a willingness among all of these entities to cooperate and to assume responsibility. Thousands of Monterey pines and other pines will be killed by pitch canker within the Zone of Infestation. Reducing the impact of the disease and slowing its spread will depend on a cooperative determination to fund new programs, to change daily habits, to implement changes to existing systems, and to develop new systems for capturing, handling, utilizing, and disposing of pine materials. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection /0 The Purpose of this Report The purpose of the report is to provide: s A recommendation for a self sustaining program for San Luis Obispo county for the capture (separate collection), handling(transporting), utilization, and disposal of pine materials that will slow the spread of pitch canker from infested to uninfested areas within the project area, within the Zone of Infestation,and to areas outside the Zone. A listing of program options for the use of pine materials ranked in order of effectiveness based on specific criteria and on biological, economic, and political considerations. ♦ A model policy and ordinance upon which effective programs for slowing the spread of pitch canker can be based. r A template for ZOI counties outside of the project area for local application of program options. Criteria used in the feasibility analysis of program options are listed in order of their ranking in the "Methodologies" section below. rhe Project Area The geographic area covered by this project is the county of San Luis Obispo. The jurisdictions involved include San Luis Obispo County and the seven incorporated cities of Atascadero,Paso Robles, San Luis Obispo, Morro Bay,Pismo Beach, Grover Beach, and Arroyo Grande. All infested counties, along with the jurisdictions within the project area,were involved in an initial survey which provided information on current practices and an understanding of program needs. As mentioned above, the report also includes a template for developing local programs for ZOI counties. All Pine Materials Assumed to be Infected For the purposes of this report all pine materials are assumed to be infected because,at the outset,most people are not able to distinguish infected from uninfected pine trees and pine materials. In addition, even if people who work with trees and tree materials could distinguish infected from uninfected pines, setting up an entirely separate system for the collection,transport, use, and disposal of infected pines would be unrealistic and inconsistent with the project priority to build on existing programs. Implementing changes to existing systems that already handle wood and yard debris and initiating new systems and facilities to slow the spread of pitch canker by providing needed waste reduction services for collection of all wood and yard debris will provide a broader base for program sustainability. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine,Material Within the Coastal Pitch Caulker Zone of Infestation 2 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection The Importance of Protecting Monterey Pine Forest Ecosystems Preserving Genetic Resources A 1995 publication sponsored by the USDA Forest Service and the University of California Genetic resources Conservation Program, "The Status of Temperate North American Forest Genetic resources" discusses the potential for losses of the genetic underpinnings of native tree species in North America and calls for in situ preservation of forest ecosystems. The report points out that while close to 4 million hectares of Monterey pine are grown in plantations in Australia,New Zealand, and Chile, Monterey pines are managed in their North American native ecosystems only for their aesthetic value, if they are managed at all. This is a precarious situation indeed, when to sustain the genetic essence of a species and the genetic core of a multi-billion dollar industry it may become necessary to draw upon the genetic resources of these dwindling, unmanaged native forests. In situ protection of Monterey pines is also called for by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)of the United Nations. A 1995 paper by the FAO by William Ciesla entitled"Natural Forests of Monterey Pine: A Global resource", states that the existing three natural stands of Monterey pine in California and the two small stands on Mexican islands off Baja are the only in situ sources of germplasm upon which future tree improvement programs depend. The FAO considers Monterey pine to be the world's most widely planted species of pine and advises that safekeeping of the remaining gene pool through an in situ program which affords long term preservation of the remaining native stands of Monterey pine is critical. In the April 1998 Worldwatch Issue Paper 140, "Taking a Stand: Cultivating a New relationship with the World's Forests", Janet Abramovitz recommends development of ecosystem reserves and protection of forest species in situ as elements of intact ecosystems. This report focuses on the necessity for protecting and (for forest understory dwellers) restoring healthy forest ecosystems based on a new relationship wish forests. A first step in building a new relationship with the Cambria Monterey pine forest in San Luis Obispo county will be taken when individuals and organizations make changes to systems and behaviors that will slow the spread of pitch canker. Keeping Carbon Locked in Wood In the Worldwatch report cited above, Ms. Abramovitz states that"Sustaining forests for future generations will mean recognizing that their real wealth lies in their healthy ecosystems". She asserts that the"loss of ecosystems is no longer just a local problem"and that the"scale and consequences of their decline reveal that we are all members of a threatened forest community -a global community". This Worldwatch report states that almost half the forests that once blanketed half of the earth are gone with most of the losses occurring during this century. And due to those losses, which emit carbon into the atmosphere, we are left with less forests to absorb the increasing amounts of carbon that are being emitted by expanding industrialization. However, because of the ability of forests to store vast amounts of carbon (world wide estimated to be 2.14 trillion tons) in trees, in organic matter on the forest floor and in soils, there is the real potential for restored forests once again to become a net carbon sink rather than a source of Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 3 California Npartment or Forestry and Fire Protection increases in atmospheric carbon. Therefore, this report gives value to options of slowing the spread of pitch canker that keep carbon locked in the wood. This can be achieved by using wood to make longer-lasting products such as lumber, furniture and other wood products. The use of wood for fuel has less value since the process involved causes carbon to be released into the atmosphere. Economic Considerations The Woad Waste Glut in California In an unpublished paper entitled "Urban Wood Waste",the California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) reports that each year in California approximately 3,800,000 tons of urban wood, which includes pruned branches, stumps and whole trees among other forms of discarded wood, is discarded. Of that amount, 3,350,000 tons are landfilled and only 450,000 tons are diverted. At the time of the writing of the report, December of 1995, an additional 1,300,000 tons were being consumed annually by the biomass industry in co-generation facilities as boiler fuel. Since the writing of this report, the biomass industry's demand for wood waste has decreased dramatically due to closures of public and private plants. Once economically feasible because of guaranteed higher energy prices provided by the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, most biomass facilities have closed after the expiration and non-renewal of this legislation. The state of California is glutted with wood waste. In addition to this glut, the loss of biomass plants, low landfill tip fees (in this county all tip fees are $45 or less),and the locally accepted practice of"road-siding„ logs and wood chips, present formidable barriers to finding markets for increasing volumes of wood waste produced in San Luis Obispo county. rhe Costs of Tree Removal In their April 1997 Fremontia article"Economic Damages of Pitch Canker",Templeton, Wood, Storer, and Gordon discuss the costs of removing pitch canker diseased Monterey Pine trees from private and public lands in Carmel-by-the-Sea. Given an average tree removal cost of$8001 and a projected loss of 80%of the community's 7,488 Monterey pines, the authors project that homeowners will spend about $2,000,000 and the that city will spend about$2,800,000 for tree removal costs alone. Based on interviews with managers of tree removal services that operate in Cambria,2 tree removal services cumulatively remove about 600 trees per year. This total includes trees removed on private property for development and due to disease. At an average of$800 per tree, conservative annual tree removal costs for Cambria residents and builders (based an the activities of 2 tree removal services)can be projected to be $480,000. If the number of trees dying of pitch canker doubles the number of trees cut down, future costs to homeowners would be nearly $1,000,000 annually. These calculations do not include the casts of tree removals incurred by the County, the State, and by Pacific Gas and Electric. Capturing.I iundling.I tiitiving.and Disposing of Infected Piny:Material Within the Ciuisial bitch Canker 7.one of infestation 4 !'im'ornia Department of I nresiry and fire Protection 9 Pine Materials as a Resource It is very important to realize that the pine materials being produced in this county have one consequential quality that distinguishes them from the huge volumes of essentially valueless wood waste flooding California's waste stream. While most wood waste comes from construction, demolition, renovation, packaging and shipping, and waste from woody crops, the pine trees which are the subject of this report are new wood. Perceived as waste, pine trees will join the millions of tons of wood waste produced annually in the state and the high cost of collecting, transporting, and landfilling waste will be added to the costs of tree removal. Recognized as a local resource and linked with local needs, value can be added to pine logs and pine branches, bark, needles and cones. Initial investments in developing the local systems and facilities that will add value to pine trees before they leave the area will reduce the costs for public services, provide local economic benefits and will add practicality and sustainability to programs designed to slow the spread of pitch canker. The potential for programs to be self-sustaining is a high priority(see list of ranked criteria). Since program sustainability rests ultimately on the soundness of private sector businesses that add value to collected pine materials, leveraging that sustainability will mean adoption of policies, ordinances, and grant programs that encourage and support new and existing local businesses. Support of Local Markets by Local Government Agencies While local private sector markets exist for pine lumber, interviews with local millers and one northern California mill indicate a reluctance among retailers to carry Monterey pine lumber. This reluctance is, according to these millers, primarily due to a lack of familiarity with the product, not because of any shortcoming of Monterey pine. Since local governments will benefit from the processing of pine materials that will kill the pitch canker pathogen and will contribute to achieving mandated solid waste diversion goals, local government agencies may want to consider supporting sustainable markets for these enterprises by providing a price preference for the use of locally produced Monterey pine products for in- house and contracted work. Avoided Disposal Costs Avoided disposal costs are the total costs of disposal (curbside collection,transport, and landfilling) which are avoided and saved when materials are diverted from disposal systems. These avoided costs represent significant per ton savings, funds which can be shifted from disposal services (which no longer collect, transport, or landfill the diverted materials)to development and maintenance of systems and facilities for recycling tree materials. The "Funding Options" section contains more information on avoided disposal costs. The avoided disposal cost method of determining the costs of waste processing alternatives provides a more accurate method of assessing those costs and provides a source of revenue for implementation of processing alternatives. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 5 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection !C� Local Funds for Implementation of Regional Recycling and Composting Programs Through a joint powers agreement, the County of San Luis Obispo and 6 of the 7 cities in the county formed the Integrated Waste Management Authority(IWMA) as a method of implementing regional waste reduction, recycling and composting programs. Since its inception, the IWMA has collected a$3.00 fee for each ton of waste disposed at landfills within the County's jurisdiction(Cold Canyon and Chicago Grade) which is reserved for implementation of regional recycling and composting programs. Support for Project Objectives by State Legislation and Local Policies AS 9939 The California Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989,Assembly Bill (AB) 939, requires that each county and city reduce 1990 landfilled tonnages by 50%by 2000. This legislation also requires that each jurisdiction generate a plan called a Source Deduction and Recycling Element (ERRE)which describes adopted policies and the programs which will be implemented to reach this waste reduction goal, and which identifies the costs of the programs along with funding sources. Local Policies The SRRE adopted by the jurisdictions in San Luis Obispo county was developed jointly by the 7 cities and the County, after which the County Integrated Waste Management Authority was formed to implement county-wide programs. The jointly adopted SRREs include policies to. f Work cooperatively with other jurisdictions in establishing and operating programs and systems. ♦ Provide convenient recycling opportunities for all residences and business. Encourage and support recyclable materials being"source separated" from other wastes. ♦ Encourage and support establishment and operation of business enterprises utilizing recycled materials in the manufacture of goods. ♦ Encourage production of usable compost in a cost effective manner. r Development of markets for compost. Provide economic incentives and technical assistance to attract recycling and manufacturing businesses. In addition to these solid waste and recycling policies,the Cambria Monterey pine forest is designated as a"sensitive resource area" in the County's General flan and in the County's Coastal Zone Land Use Ordinance. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing.and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 6 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection s f`; J a � f � ' RECEIVED MAR 2 12000 CLERK BOARD OP SUPERVISORS PROGRAMS FOR CONTRA 00STACO. CAPTURING, HANDLING, UTILIZING, AND DISPOSING OF INFECTED PINE MATERIAL IN SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND FIRE PROTECTION BY GR.EENSPACE THE CAMBRIA LAND TRUST COMMUNITY BENEFIT CONSULTANTS RICHARD HAWLEY CYNDI BUTTER.FIELD & DEBBIE PARKER P.O. BOX 1505 CAMBR.IA CA 93425 (805) 927-4964- FAX 27-4964FAX. (805) 927-5102 DECEMBER 1998 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION About Pitch Canker 1 The Purpose of the Report 2 The Importance of Protecting Monterey Pine Forest Ecosystems 3 Economic Considerations 4 Support for Project Objectives by State Legislation and Local Policies 6 METHODOLOGY Overview of the Program and Option Selection Process 7 Two Methods of Analyzing the Feasibility of Options 7 Selection Criteria Listed in Order of Weights 8 Biological, Economic, and Political Considerations 9 FINDINGS Results of the Survey 10 Current Activities in San Luis Obispo County 15 Map of Sources of Pine Materials in the Project Area Following 18 OPTIONS Options for Utilizing Pine Materials 19 Options for Capturing, Handling and Disposing of Pine Materials 25 RECOMMENDED PROGRAMS FOR USE OF PINE MA TERIALS List of Program Options in Order of Their Ranking 26 North Coast Area Following 27 North County Area Following 27 Area South of Cuesta Grade Following 27 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CAPTURING, HANDLING, AND DISPOSING OF PINE NA TERIALS 28 MODEL RESOLUTION AND ORDINANCES Model Resolution for Jurisdictions Within San Luis Obispo County 31 Model Ordinances for Jurisdictions Within San Luis Obispo County 35 PROGRAM FUNDING OPTIONS Recycling Market Development Zone Loan Program 36 Local Funds for Solid Waste Diversion Programs 36 Avoided Disposal Costs 36 Grants 37 TEMPLATE FOR ZOI COUNTIES 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY 40 ATTACHMENTS A Board of Forestry Resolution B Pitch Canker Task Force Position Paper C Program Selection Chart D List of Recycling Market Development Zone Contacts E Tree Notes F Resources 'P INTRODUCTION About Pitch Canker Pitch canker is an introduced fungal tree disease first discovered in California in 1986. On June 4, 1997 by resolution the State Board of Forestry established the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation(ZOI or Zone)which includes all or portions of 22 coastal counties from Mendocino to San Diego. The resolution is included as Attachment A. Since its discovery, pitch canker has proven to be a serious and lethal disease of Monterey and bishop pines and is known to infect numerous other native California pines. In response to this threat the statewide Pitch Canker Task Force was formed and has since developed recommendations(Attachment B). Wind, bark beetles and other insects carry the fungus,Fusarium subglutinans f sp.pini,from tree to tree. Long-distance spread of the disease occurs as people transport whole logs, firewood, Christmas trees,yard waste,wood chips, and residential and commercial wood waste infected with pitch canker. Pitch canker has been found in 18 counties within the Zone. An additional 4 counties are included within the Zone because of the high likelihood that the disease will be found in these counties in the near future. There are many areas within the Zone that are still free of the disease. Because of the devastating nature of pitch canker and because there is no known chemical cure or preventative,a primary effort of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection(CDF) is to slow the spread of the disease from infested to uninfested areas within the Zone and to areas outside the Zone. Slowing the spread of pitch canker is dependent on development of programs that will leverage changes in how and where people transport infected pine materials by: ♦ Capturing maximum volumes of potentially infected pine materials for handling,processing for use,and disposal in managed systems. ♦ Processing pine materials using a method that eliminates the pathogen. ♦ Reducing the distances pine materials are transported by processing materials close to the point of generation. ♦ Reducing the release of the pathogen via insect vectors during transport by ensuring that pine materials are transported in enclosed vehicles. The Need for Cooperation and for Assuming Responsibility Because private business, residents, vacationers, non-governmental organizations, and government agencies all participate in the spread of pitch canker in everyday activities of transporting logs, firewood, chips, branches, needles, cones, and trees that include pine materials, slowing the spread of the disease will require a willingness among all of these entities to cooperate and to assume responsibility. Thousands of Monterey pines and other pines will be killed by pitch canker within the Zone of Infestation. Reducing the impact of the disease and slowing its spread will depend on a cooperative determination to fund new programs, to change daily habits, to implement changes to existing systems, and to develop new systems for capturing, handling, utilizing, and disposing of pine materials. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 1 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection .............. The Purpose of this Report The purpose of the report is to provide: ♦ A recommendation for a self sustaining program for San Luis Obispo county for the capture (separate collection),handling(transporting), utilization, and disposal of pine materials that will slow the spread of pitch canker from infested to uninfested areas within the project area, within the Zone of Infestation,and to areas outside the Zone. * A listing of program options for the use of pine materials ranked in order of effectiveness based on specific criteria and on biological, economic, and political considerations. A model policy and ordinance upon which effective programs for slowing the spread of pitch canker can be based. ♦ A template for ZOI counties outside of the project area for local application of program options. Criteria used in the feasibility analysis of program options are listed in order of their ranking in the"Methodologies"section below. The Project Area The geographic area covered by this project is the county of San Luis Obispo. The jurisdictions involved include San Luis Obispo County and the seven incorporated cities of Atascadero, Faso Robles,San Luis Obispo,Morro Bay, Pismo Beach,Grover Beach,and Arroyo Grande. All infested counties,along with the jurisdictions within the project area, were involved in an initial survey which provided information on current practices and an understanding of program needs. As mentioned above,the report also includes a template for developing local programs for ZOI counties. All Pine Materials Assumed to be Infected For the purposes of this report all pine materials are assumed to be infected because,at the outset,most people are not able to distinguish infected from uninfected pine trees and pine materials. In addition,even if people who work with trees and tree materials could distinguish infected from uninfected pines, setting up an entirely separate system for the collection,transport, use, and disposal of infected pines would be unrealistic and inconsistent with the project priority to build on existing programs. Implementing changes to existing systems that already handle wood and yard debris and initiating new systems and facilities to slow the spread of pitch canker by providing needed waste reduction services for collection of all wood and yard debris will provide a broader base for program sustainability. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 2 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection k The Importance of Protecting Monterey Pine Forest Ecosystems Preserving Genetic Resources A 1995 publication sponsored by the USDA Forest Service and the University of California Genetic Resources Conservation Program, "The Status of Temperate North American Forest Genetic Resources" discusses the potential for losses of the genetic underpinnings of native tree species in North America and calls for in situ preservation of forest ecosystems. The report points out that while close to 4 million hectares of Monterey pine are grown in plantations in Australia,New Zealand, and Chile, Monterey pines are managed in their North American native ecosystems only for their aesthetic value, if they are managed at all. This is a precarious situation indeed, when to sustain the genetic essence of a species and the genetic core of a multi-billion dollar industry it may become necessary to draw upon the genetic resources of these dwindling, unmanaged native forests. In situ protection of Monterey pines is also called for by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. A 1995 paper by the FAO by William Ciesla entitled"Natural Forests of Monterey Pine: A Global Resource", states that the existing three natural stands of Monterey pine in California and the two small stands on Mexican islands off Baja are the only in situ sources of germplasm upon which future tree improvement programs depend. The FAO considers Monterey pine to be the world's most widely planted species of pine and advises that safekeeping of the remaining gene pool through an in situ program which affords long term preservation of the remaining native stands of Monterey pine is critical. In the April 1998 Worldwatch Issue Paper 140,"Taking a Stand: Cultivating a New Relationship with the World's Forests",Janet Abramovitz recommends development of ecosystem reserves and protection of forest species in situ as elements of intact ecosystems. This report focuses on the necessity for protecting and(for forest understory dwellers)restoring healthy forest ecosystems based on a new relationship with forests. A first step in building a new relationship with the Cambria Monterey pine forest in San Luis Obispo county will be taken when individuals and organizations make changes to systems and behaviors that will slow the spread of pitch canker. Keeping Carbon Locked in Wood In the Worldwatch report cited above, Ms. Abramovitz states that"Sustaining forests for future generations will mean recognizing that their real wealth lies in their healthy ecosystems". She asserts that the"loss of ecosystems is no longer just a local problem"and that the"scale and consequences of their decline reveal that we are all members of a threatened forest community- a global community". This Worldwatch report states that almost half the forests that once blanketed half of the earth are gone with most of the losses occurring during this century. And due to those losses,which emit carbon into the atmosphere, we are left with less forests to absorb the increasing amounts of carbon that are being emitted by expanding industrialization. However, because of the ability of forests to store vast amounts of carbon(world wide estimated to be 2.14 trillion tons)in trees, in organic matter on the forest floor and in soils,there is the real potential for restored forests once again to become a net carbon sink rather than a source of Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 3 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection ,9 increases in atmospheric carbon. Therefore, this report gives value to options of slowing the spread of pitch canker that keep carbon locked in the wood. This can be achieved by using wood to make longer-lasting products such as lumber, furniture and other wood products. The use of wood for fuel has less value since the process involved causes carbon to be released into the - atmosphere. Economic considerations The Wood Waste Glut in California In an unpublished paper entitled"Urban Wood Waste", the California Integrated Waste Management Board(CIWMB)reports that each year in California approximately 3,800,000 tons of urban wood,which includes pruned branches, stumps and whole trees among other forms of discarded wood, is discarded. Of that amount, 3,350,000 tons are landfilled and only 450,000 tons are diverted. At the time of the writing of the report, December of 1995, an additional 1,300,000 tons were being consumed annually by the biomass industry in co-generation facilities as boiler fuel. Since the writing of this report,the biomass industry's demand for wood waste has decreased dramatically due to closures of public and private plants. Once economically feasible because of guaranteed higher energy prices provided by the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, most biomass facilities have closed after the expiration and non-renewal of this legislation. The state of California is glutted with wood waste. In addition to this glut,the loss of biomass plants,low landfill tip fees(in this county all tip fees are $45 or less),and the locally accepted practice of"road-siding"logs and wood chips,present formidable barriers to finding markets for increasing volumes of wood waste produced in San Luis Obispo county. The Costs of Tree Removal In their April 1997 Fremontia article"Economic Damages of Pitch Canker",Templeton, Wood, Storer,and Gordon discuss the costs of removing pitch canker diseased Monterey Pine trees from private and public lands in Carmel-by-the-Sea. Given an average tree removal cost of$800 and a projected loss of 80%of the community's 7,488 Monterey pines,the authors project that homeowners will spend about$2,000,000 and the that city will spend about$2,800,000 for tree removal costs alone. Based on interviews with managers of tree removal services that operate in Cambria,2 tree removal services cumulatively remove about 600 trees per year. This total includes trees removed on private property for development and due to disease. At an average of$800 per tree, conservative annual tree removal costs for Cambria residents and builders(based on the activities of 2 tree removal services)can be projected to be$480,000. If the number of trees dying of pitch canker doubles the number of trees cut down, future costs to homeowners would be nearly $1,000,000 annually. These calculations do not include the costs of tree removals incurred by the County,the State,and by Pacific Gas and Electric. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation q California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection ......::::x:+v±.!.+....^'^'hhvwn.+h<C:+:'..GTwx4K {k.;.;r .:t;.;{..mMv».. ::::. '..::::... vr,.wr ::::n •.:....!. :.r........ ....... ...:::.... m{.xvxv:.w........ .... '!:ti.:.::'........ Pine Materials as s Resource It is very important to realize that the pine materials being produced in this county have one consequential quality that distinguishes them.from the huge volumes of essentially valueless wood waste flooding Californias waste stream. While most wood waste comes from construction, demolition,renovation,packaging and shipping, and waste from woody crops,the pine trees which are the subject of this report are new wood. Perceived as waste,pine trees will join the millions of tons of wood waste produced annually in the state and the high cost of collecting,transporting, and landfilling waste will be added to the costs of tree removal. Recognized as a local resource and linked with local needs,value can be added to pine logs and pine branches, bark,needles and cones. Initial investments in developing the local systems and facilities that will add value to pine trees before they leave the area will reduce the costs for public services, provide local economic benefits and will add practicality and sustainability to programs designed to slow the spread of pitch canker. The potential for programs to be self-sustaining is a high priority(see list of ranked criteria). Since program sustainability rests ultimately on the soundness of private sector businesses that add value to collected pine materials, leveraging that sustainability will mean adoption of policies,ordinances, and grant programs that encourage and support new and existing local businesses. Support of Local Markets by local Government Agencies While local private sector markets exist for pine lumber, interviews with local millers and one northem California mill indicate a reluctance among retailers to carry Monterey pine lumber. This reluctance is,according to these millers,primarily due to a lack of familiarity with the product, not because of any shortcoming of Monterey pine. Since local governments will benefit from the processing of pine materials that will kill the pitch canker pathogen and will contribute to achieving mandated solid waste diversion goals, local government agencies may want to consider supporting sustainable markets for these enterprises by providing a price preference for the use of locally produced Monterey pine products for in- house and contracted work. Avoided Disposal Costs Avoided disposal costs are the total costs of disposal(curbside collection,transport, and landfilling)which are avoided and saved when materials are diverted from disposal systems. These avoided costs represent significant per ton savings, funds which can be shifted from disposal services(which no longer collect,transport, or landfill the diverted materials)to development and maintenance of systems and facilities for recycling tree materials. The "Funding Options" section contains more information on avoided disposal costs. The avoided disposal cost method of determining the costs of waste processing alternatives provides a more accurate method of assessing those costs and provides a source of revenue for implementation of processing alternatives. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 5 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection I 41 Local f ands for Implementation of Regional Recycling and composting Programs Through a joint powers agreement,the County of San Luis Obispo and 6 of the 7 cities in the county formed the Integrated Waste Management Authority(IWMA)as a method of implementing regional waste reduction, recycling and composting programs. Since its inception, the IWMA has collected a$3.00 fee for each ton of waste disposed at landfills within the County's jurisdiction(Cold Canyon and Chicago Grade)which is reserved for implementation of regional recycling and composting programs. „Support for Project Objectives by State Legislation and Local policies AS 939 The California Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989,Assembly Bill (AB)939,requires that each county and city reduce 1990 landfilled tonnages by 50%by 2000. This legislation also requires that each jurisdiction generate a plan called a Source Reduction and Recycling Element (SRRE)which describes adopted policies and the programs which will be implemented to reach this waste reduction goal, and which identifies the costs of the programs along with funding sources. Local Policies The ERRE adopted by the jurisdictions in San Luis Obispo county was developed jointly by the 7 cities and the County,after which the County Integrated Waste Management Authority was formed to implement countywide programs. The jointly adopted SRREs include policies to * Work cooperatively with other jurisdictions in establishing and operating programs and systems. * Provide convenient recycling opportunities for all residences and business. * Encourage and support recyclable materials being"source separated"from other wastes. * Encourage and support establishment and operation of business enterprises utilizing recycled materials in the manufacture of goods. * Encourage production of usable compost in a cost effective manner. * Development of markets for compost. * Provide economic incentives and technical assistance to attract recycling and manufacturing businesses. In addition to these solid waste and recycling policies,the Cambria Monterey pine forest is designated as a"sensitive resource area"in the County's General Plan and in the County's Coastal Zone Land Use Ordinance. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 6 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection iIh/ METHODOLOGY Overview of the Program and Option Selection Process Selection and development of the recommended program for San Luis Obispo county and the ranked program options involved the following tasks: ♦ Mapping of sources of pine materials in the project area. ♦ A survey of ZOI counties and jurisdictions within the project area to identify current systems and methods of capturing,handling,using, and disposing of pine and other wood materials. ♦ Interviews with managers of tree farms, supervisors of road crews,managers of state, municipal, and county parks, arborists, managers of tree removal services,processing facility operators, equipment manufacturers, and owners and managers of milling and woodworking companies to identify current systems and to generate potential options. ♦ Review of information in trade journals, issue papers, equipment vendor publications, and government agency publications and internet sites. ♦ Identification of options for capturing, handling, disposing,and using pine materials based on the needs determined through the survey and interviews, and on information generated from research of literature. a Analysis of the feasibility of the options based on weighted criteria, economic,biological, and political considerations,and on information collected on existing use, collection, transport, and disposal systems. Two Methods of Analyzing the Feasibility of Options .Analysis of options for the use of pine materials differed from the analysis of options for the capture(separate collection),handling(transport), and disposal of pine materials. This is due to the fact that while collection,transport, and disposal systems for wood debris are firmly in place in San Luis Obispo county and in most areas of the state,most options for using pine materials are not being carried out in the county at this time. For example,as discussed in the section on"Current Activities in San Luis Obispo County", residential yard debris collection systems and methods used by tree removal services, arborists, landscapers, and municipal and utility crews to collect,transport and dispose of tree materials are firmly established. Consistent with the project criteria to select programs that have a potential for building on existing equipment and facilities,potential options for collection,transport, and disposal systems that would slow the spread of pitch canker necessarily focus on modification and I or expansion of existing systems. Therefore, options for modifying and expanding these Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 7 California Department of Forestry and Fin;Protection Q! existing systems were generated through analysis of responses to the initial survey, interviews, and a review of literature and vendor materials. By contrast, options for the use of pine materials are numerous and varied with most of the potential options not being practiced in the project area. Analysis of potential program options and identification of appropriate programs for the use of pine materials involved the following steps: 1. CDF and Greenspace staff members generated a list of criteria and, by allocating points, attached a relative value, or"weight"to each criterion. A total of 100 points was distributed among all the program criteria. Higher numerical values were assigned to criteria that are considered to be most critical or essential to reaching the goal of slowing the spread of pitch canker. The weights assigned to each criterion by individuals were averaged to reach the weight used in the feasibility analysis. The criteria are listed in order of their weighted values below. 2. After a list of potential uses was generated, Greenspace staff applied numeric"probability of success"values to program options. These values were expressed in terms of 3,2,and 1 with 3 =high, 2=medium,and 1 =low. Biological, economic, and political considerations were used as factors in determining the probability of success values. 3. The feasibility of program options was analyzed by charting the options,the probability of success values of the options,and the weighted criteria. Criterion weights were multiplied by the probability of success values. The product of the multiplied criterion weights and values for each option represents the option rank. Please see Attachment C,"Program Selection Chart". Because burning of waste materials is allowed in unincorporated areas of the county and in 3 incorporated city areas but does not rely on organized use of existing equipment and on well developed systems, burning is analyzed in the options for utilization selection process. Selection Criteria Listed in Order of Weights I. Effectiveness in reducing the spread and the impact of pitch canker within and outside of the county. 2. Consistency with local policies and ordinances. 3. Potential for generating self-sustaining programs. 4. Absence of biological constraints. 5. Program costs. 6. Potential for generating income for county residents and businesses. 7. Effectiveness in involving public and private agencies, organizations, and individuals. 8a. Potential for funding program goals with grants and low interest loans. 8b. Potential for building on existing regional program priorities and plans. 9. Potential for basing programs on existing equipment and facilities. 10. Potential to generate low cost recycled materials for public and private uses. 11. Landfill diversion potential/potential to extend landfill life. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation g California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection 1 arm. Biological, Economic, and Political Considerations The assignment of"probability of success"values as described above included consideration of biological, economic, and political considerations. Biological considerations involved the potential for the option: ♦ To reduce the spread of pitch canker. ♦ To protect genetic resources of the Monterey pine forest. ♦ To protect the forest ecosystem. ♦ To keep carbon locked in wood. ♦ To minimize the depletion and pollution of air, land, and water resources. Even though the potential for a program to slow the spread of pitch canker was used as a criteria, it was also taken into consideration in development of the"probability of success"values since slowing the spread of the disease is the primary objective. Economic considerations involved the potential for the option: ♦ To reduce the overall impact on communities of tree removal costs by adding value to tree materials. ♦ To produce a marketable product. ♦ To stimulate private sector involvement as a means of strengthening program sustainability. ♦ To minimize the costs of equipment, facilities, and labor where those costs are ascertainable. ♦ To be funded with existing local or state funds for implementation of recycling and composting programs. Political considerations included the extent to which an option is consistent with local and state solid waste and recycling policies and mandates, and with local and state land use planning policies and ordinances including the County's General Plan and Coastal Zone Land Use Ordinance, and the California Coastal Act. Expansion of the analysis of applicable state and local laws and policies into,for example, impacts on resources such as air and water, etc. is not within the scope of this report and would be included in work done in preparation for specific projects. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 9 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection FINDINGS Results of the Surrey The project began with assessment of existing conditions within the Zone of Infestation(ZOI or Zone). Surveys were sent to all counties within the ZOI and each of the 8 jurisdictions(7 cities and the unincorporated county) within the project area of San Luis Obispo county. Surveys were completed and returned by representatives from 13 ZOI counties, the County of San Luis Obispo, 5 cities within San Luis Obispo county,2 communities with solid waste responsibilities within the ZOI and 2 State agencies. The discussion of responses takes into account all responding jurisdictions for a total of 6 jurisdictions within the project area of San Luis Obispo county and 15 jurisdictions(13 counties and 2 communities)within the Zone of Infestation. In addition to the written survey of local governments, assessment of current conditions within the project area included verbal interviews with private individuals and agency representatives in the ZOI who are involved in the day to day activities of capturing,handling,using,and disposing of tree materials. The information gathered from the survey reflects current awareness about pitch canker,and policies and practices in the management of tree greenwaste and pine materials. The survey identified how each jurisdiction currently captures,handles,uses, and disposes of removed trees and discarded tree materials and provides baseline data for development of program options. What follows is a discussion of the survey. Responses of"unknown"or"not applicable"are not included in the discussion. CA M TURINC PINE ♦EE + t "Capturing"tree materials refers to the methods of separating and collecting tree materials from other waste stream materials. Tree materials including whole trees, firewood,logs,chips, branches,needles, and cones can be captured at the point of generation such as any residential, commercial, or public site where trees are grown,trimmed, or cut down. The chart below shows the various approaches to separating and collecting tree debris from other waste stream materials used by the reporting jurisdictions and communities. The responses point out that separation of tree debris at residences by curbside programs, on public lands by municipal and county crews,and at landfills is being actively pursued within the Zone of Infestation and that there is a need for expansion of these programs. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 10 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection of SLO of Zone of Infestation Jurisdictions Jurisdictions that that Responded "Yes" Responded "Yes„ Separation of tree debris In 53%of the communities, self haulers(residents and S at landfills landscapers as opposed to municipal haulers)are provided the opportunity to separate tree materials from other waste stream materials at the landfall. Separation of pines debris 21%of the communities reported that pine materials 16/00, were separated from other wood debris in at least one municipal activity. Residential curbside 60%provide separate residential curbside collection 33°o separation& collection of o,f tree debris. tree debris Separation of tree debris We oflurisdict>ons surveyed report that their own 33% by county&municipal crews separate tree materials from other wastes. crews Regulations requiring Regulations that require separation of tree debris are 0%a' separation of tree much less prevalent with 20%requiring separation of materials. tree debris at landfalls and only one community (which provides curbside collection of separated greenwaste)banning greenwaste from municipal waste collection systems. Educational materials 13%of ZOI communities provide information about 0'% provided at landfill or pitch canker and separation of pine materials at their processing facility landfill. HA NOL , "Handling" refers to methods of transporting tree materials used by municipal tree workers, municipal haulers, commercial haulers, recyclers, recycling and greenwaste facilities, road crews, individuals, etc. Since long distance spread of pitch canker is due primarily to the transport by humans of infected whole trees (including Christmas trees), logs, branches, bark, chips, cones, and needles,how pine materials are transported is key to any effective effort to restrict the spread of pitch canker. This chart shows how pine debris, in its many forms, is transported within the responding communities. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 11 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection ,1 ro Of SLO _. of Zone of Infestation Jurisdictions Jurisdictions that that Responded "Yes" Responded"Yes" Regulations that require 27%of the responding jurisdictions reported that 16 0 all waste materials to be municipal haulers are required to use sealed(as hauled in sealed vehicles opposed to slat sided,tarped, or covered)tracks. One community reported that landscapers, wood chip haulers,recyclers,self-haulers, and utility companies are required to use sealed trucks for hauling waste. Information about how to 40%reported that information on how to transport S'3re transport pitch canker pitch canker infected pine debris is provided to the infected pine debris public. provided to the public. Information about how to 3310al reported that information on how to transport transport pitch canker pitch canker infected pine debris is provided to city or 33% infected pine debris county employees involved in tree care. provided to city or county employees involved in tree care. Restrictlons on transport 8% the ZOI jurisdictions place restrictions on the 16' of pine debris. transport pine debris to areas outside the jurisdiction. 131 of the jurisdictions reported that restrictions are 331% placed on the transport of pine debris to areas outside the Zone of Infestation. Transport of pine debris 131%,reported that when pine debris is transported outside the ZOI in sealed from their jurisdiction to areas outside of the ZOI, it 0% vehicles. must be transported in sealed(as opposed to slat sided,tarped,or covered)vehicles. Resale/reuse of 80%of the reporting communities sell processed tree processed tree debris debris(chips,mulch,compost, etc.)or furnish their 16% generated by cities and tree debris to others for secondary processing for counties. resale. Disinfecting equipment In order to curb the spread of pitch canker,tree care 16q (saws, clippers, loppers, workers in 13%of the reporting jurisdictions disinfect etc.)after use on pine their equipment after use on pine trees. trees, Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 12 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection DISPOSING OF PINE TREE , LANDFILL For the purposes of this report"disposal"means landfilling and burning. Since one objective of this project is the development of economically self sustaining program options,pine materials are viewed as a usable product and disposal of pine materials is considered a last resort. Cost projections for developing the infrastructure for utilizing pine materials should take into consideration estimated"avoided disposal costs" which are the total costs of disposal avoided or saved when materials are diverted from disposal systems. These avoided costs represent significant per ton savings which can be shifted for use in development of recycling facilities and systems. Calculations of projected savings can be used to project the actual costs of recycling systems. °o of SLO of Zone of Infestation Jurisdictions Jurisdictions that that Responded "Yes" Responded"yes" Open burning allowed Open burning of wood debris is allowed in 60,of the 67r responding jurisdictions. 20 years or less of landfill that of the jurisdictions are currently relying on landfills Paso Robles/2034 that will be full in 20 years of less. Cold Canyon/2017 life Chicago Grade/2020 Landfill tipping fee of$40 531'have landfill tipping fees of$40 or less per ton. Paso Robles/$35.85 per ton or less compacted&$43.85 loose Cold Canyon/$40 Chicago Grade/$45 MATERIALSUTILIZING PINE In order to build ongoing systems that will slow the spread of pitch canker,two major objectives of this project are to identify program options that will provide income for area businesses and residents and create the basis for economically self-sustaining systems, and to extend the life of landfills by diverting pine materials. For these reasons,pine materials are viewed as resources and every effort has been made to identify feasible options based on adding value to pine materials. %ofSLO of Zone of Infestation Jurisdictions Jurisdictions that that Responded "Yes" Responded "res" Current uses of tree materials. Cogeneration of In 27%of reporting jurisdictions, discarded tree debris is 0°a electrical power used to generate electrical power. Composting 73%of the jurisdictions compost collected tree debris. 33% Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 13 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection P, l %of SLO _. Of Zone of infestation Jurisdictions Jurisdictions that that Responded "Yes" Responded"Yes In 27%of the reporting jurisdictions urban trees and a {2 private sector saw mills in Milled into lumber trees cut from urbanizing forests are milled for lumber. sl.o county do mill locally captured pine trees) 13%reported that tree materials generated in their p% Manufactured into jurisdiction are used in the manufacture of furniture or furniture or cabinets cabinets. In 53%of the jurisdictions, locally captured wood debris 50% Split into firewood is processed into firewood. In W%ofthe jurisdictions,wood debris is chipped or 67% Chipped or shredded shredded for use as ground cover. Into ground cover POLICIES, ORDINANCES, AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS Self sustaining programs designed to slow the spread of the pitch canker infestation will include systems for capturing infected pine materials by separating them from other waste materials, for safely transporting pine materials without releasing the pathogen or it's insect vectors, for processing infected materials within the local area of generation, for safely disposing of unusable materials,and for new and expanded local industries. Systems and industries that add value to pine materials must provide the economic incentives for cooperating with control measures. Effective programs will depend on development and implementation of policies,ordinances, and internal management requirements that will leverage the needed changes through both regulation and incentive programs. %of SdO of Zone of Infestation Jurisdictions Jurisdictions that that Responded "Yes" Responded"Yes„ Policies, ordinances, or 13%of the jurisdictions provide special systems for 0 programs that provide specialized systems for capturing,handling,using,and disposing of pine _ capturing, handling, using materials and have policies or ordinances on which or disposing of pine, or those systems are based. Infected pine debris Banning of any wood 7%reported that some type of wood or yard debris is Debris from landfills banned from their landfills. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 14 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection .55n ............. ,.,.. %of SLO of Zone of Infestation Jurisdictions Jurisdictions that that Responded "Yes" Responded"Yes„ Incentives for separation of tree debris: Volume based rates 27q of the jurisdictions promote residential separation linked with curbside of tree debris with volume based garbage rates coupled 33% greenwaste pick-up with curbside collection of greenwaste. Reduced landfill a stimulate separation of tree debris by offering tipping fees for reduced tipping fees for clean loads of wood at landfills. separated loads of 17% tree debris Current Activi ies in San Luis Obispo County Capturing and Handling Pine tree Debris in SLO County Information in this section was gathered from interviews with public agency staff members who manage trees, owners and managers of private sector tree services, arborists,tree processors, and recyclers. The goal of these interviews was to. ♦ Learn how pine tree parts are currently being captured(separated and collected)and handled (transported). t Assess the capacity of current systems for handling increases in pine materials. ♦ Assess the capacity(and willingness)of tree cutters to cut logs in appropriate lengths for production of lumber(up to 16 1/2 feet). ♦ Identify modifications of existing systems and facilities needed to slow the spread of pitch canker in the project area. Overview Pine trees parts are currently being captured on site by public agency crews,private tree services, arborists, landscapers, and residents. Most report that tree debris in the form of logs and chips is left on site or transported in open and partly open trucks. Both public agencies and private sector tree services report they have the capacity to handle a doubling in trees requiring removal. Both public and private sector tree removal crews are able to cut trees in lengths for milling but lack the interest to market the wood and the equipment to handle and transport that length. rhe Details Government agency representatives reported that when trees are removed,tree trunks are cut into rounds, split for firewood, and left on site. Branches, cones, and needles are chipped on site with the chips being blown into a chip box or a tarped truck for transport. Chip boxes are open in the rear and chips are transported for use as mulch in parks or other public property. Chips are also left on site and piled near roadsides for public removal by both private sector tree services and public agencies. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 15 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection ............ While agencies have the capacity to cut trees in saw log lengths,they do not have the equipment to remove or haul 20 foot logs and have no interest in pursuing markets for the wood. Public agencies reported that if the number of trees that required removal doubled, they would be able to handle the doubling of work with their existing equipment and current staff. Private sector tree removal service representatives reported that trees are cut into rounds or into split firewood and left on site. Some rounds go to landfills or,in the past,to the San Simeon processing site which is now closed(see map). Tree services prefer to leave chips on site as mulch but they also pile chips in public right of ways for public use and haul chips to compost facilities(see map). Chips are hauled in open-ended chip boxes or partially open trucks. One tree service has curtains on the rear of chip boxes to reduce spread of pitch canker. Similar to the response of agencies,private tree service workers have the ability to cut trees into saw log lengths,but are not interested in marketing the logs themselves, and lack the equipment to handle and transport lengths up to 16 1/2 feet. Managers of private tree services also reported that if the number of trees requiring removal doubled,they would increase staff and equipment to accommodate the need. Tree trimmings collected in residential curbside programs are transported in both open trucks and closed garbage trucks. Residential yard debris is transported to 3 compost sites in the county (see map)where end products are finished compost,partly cured mulch, and wood chips. Only one compost facility, Cold Canyon, takes logs which must be 20"or less in diameter. Uses of Pine Trees In SLO County Information in this section was gathered from interviews with managers of businesses that add value to pine tree parts. The purpose of the interviews was to: + Identify existing uses to which pine materials can be directed. ♦ Determine the capacity of existing businesses to expand as volumes of pine debris increase. + Estimate equipment and facilities needed to accommodate increases in volumes of wood debris. Businesses that add value to pine tree debris or parts in San Luis Obispo county include the compost facilities,2 saw mills, and several furniture makers. As described above,there are 3 compost sites in the county. Wood and yard debris is accepted from municipal residential collection programs and self haulers. Only one compost facility,'Cold Canyon, accepts logs and those accepted must be 20 inches or less in diameter. Up to 20,000 tons of cured compost is produced annually and 2 of the 3 facilities have the capacity to expand the volumes of materials they accept and process. The saw mills,one in the North Coast area and one in the city of San Luis Obispo,cumulatively produce approximately 5,000 board feet per month of pine lumber from over 100 trees milled per year. Lumber produced includes non-standard building materials, slabs, fence boards and lumber for construction of sheds and outdoor chairs. While the lumber and sheds are sold locally,the Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 16 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection 1:9143 ....................... �I chairs are sold state-wide and in Texas. Sawdust and chips are sold from the San Luis Obispo mill for mulch and animal bedding. Both millers work with private tree services in the area to get tree lengths suitable for milling. Logs with bark are hauled in uncovered trucks. The ability of the Limacher saw mill on the North Coast to capture and haul logs is essentially limited to the North Coast area and Pacific Coast Lumber in San Luis Obispo recently rolled their truck and lost capacity to capture and haul logs. Lumber is air dried by Limacher while Pacific Coast Lumber uses a drier. Both of these facilities have the capacity to increase production to a combined total of approximately 200 trees per year. Managers at both local sawmills and one major northern California sawmill reported a reluctance of retail distributors to carry Monterey Pine apparently due to a lack of familiarity with the product. Expanded use of Monterey Pine as lumber will need to be accompanied by a promotional campaign. Furniture manufacturers in the county who use pine report that the lumber they use must be dried. One manufacturer uses approximately 2,000 board feet annually. Lumber sizes used range from 1 inch to 1 1/2 and 2 inches in thickness. "Blue stain", a characteristic of some Monterey Pine lumber, is used by one furniture maker. Disposal of Pine Debris in SLO County Disposal in this context means discarding a material as a waste. There are essentially 3 ways of disposing wood debris in San Luis Obispo county. First,wood waste is landfilled at one of the 3 landfills in the county. As shown on the map, all waste from the North Coast area of the county and all areas south of the Cuesta grade are hauled to Cold Canyon landfill. Waste from North County areas is hauled to either the Paso Robles landfill or the Chicago Grade landfill. Based on data provided by the California Integrated Waste Management Board(CIWMB) closure dates of the three landfills are 2034 for the Paso Robles landfill, 2017 for Cold Canyon, and 2020 for Chicago Grade. For the 12 month period from July 1997 through June 1998,the cumulative amount landfilled at all 3 county landfills as reported to the CIWMB by the County was 203,017 tons. An extrapolation of the total wood and prunings landfilled during that same 12 month period is 18,275 tons. This extrapolation is based on the total tonnages landfilled and the percent of total waste stream represented by wood and prunings reported in the county's 1991 Solid Waste Generation Study(a component of the State mandated Source Reduction and Recycling Element). Development and implementation of effective systems for diverting and using wood debris and prunings from landfills would,based on these calculations, reduce the total tons landfilled by up to 9%. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 17 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection :^:,;. The second disposal method, burning of waste materials, is allowed in unincorporated areas of the county and in 3 incorporated city areas. The Air Pollution Control District provides a permit to burn wood debris if the Agricultural Commissioner declares that the material contains a pest or if the California Department of Forestry(CDF) declares it to be a fire hazard. Third,wood debris,particularly whole trees, logs,branches, needles and cones are discarded in undeveloped forested areas, undeveloped rural areas, and along roadsides. This last method of disposal is referred to as"road siding"and is used by public agencies,private sector tree removal services, and residents. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of infestation 18 California Depamnent of Forestry and Fire Protection 3 -ya144 . Ic CL c s 0 CC3 ' -ro o ro � Cl) Is NE till a FS ca �J OPTIONS Options for Utilising Plne Materials In this section the top 10 ranking options that involve uses for pine materials are discussed(see "Recommended Program for Use of Pine Materials" section). The discussion of some options, for example the 4 options for the use of lumber and the 2 options for composting with biosolids, are covered under one heading below. The non-use options and both education programs are self-explanatory and are not expanded upon in this discussion. Composting Wood Debris Compost is the product of biological and aerobic decomposition of organic materials. The recipe used and the type of end product produced varies with available materials. Temperatures can be controlled and sustained at 140 degrees for one week and above to kill pathogens and seeds. The end product is a completely decomposed soil amendment. The most important components of composting are the carbon to nitrogen ratio and the control of oxygen, moisture content, and temperature. Processing methods range from high tech, completely automated indoor facilities to simple low-tech windrow and static pile operations in more rural areas. Since this report deals with increases in wood debris(carbon), sources of nitrogen represent an important consideration in determining the feasibility of composting as a method of using pine debris. A list of some sources of nitrogen is provided below. Windrow composting works best in areas with space away from urban areas and is the least expensive option. It involves building elongated piles, or windrows, of material to be composted,periodic turning.of the piles, and monitoring and adjustment of moisture and temperature levels. Another low-tech option is the aerated static pile. Operating on the same principles as the windrow method,aerated static piles are built on perforated pipes that draw air through the composting material. This system allows for larger piles which take up less space and it eliminates the need to turn the piles. In-vessel composting takes place in a container and either produces a finished product in the vessel or"jump starts"the process which is finished in outdoor piles or windrows. Proprietary systems are available. This process decreases decomposition time, controls odors,takes up less space and has higher equipment and production costs than the outdoor systems. According to the Composting Component of the San Luis Obispo Source Reduction and Recycling Element, siting criteria for a compost facility include: ♦ Vacant flat land + Low residential density ♦ Ability to meet typical EIR criteria(no wetlands, flood plains,historic sites,endangered species,prime agricultural land, etc.) ♦ Good truck access ♦ Low water table (more than 2 feet below the surface) Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 19 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection !'V / - 1 ♦ Potential for visual buffer ♦ Availability of water on-site ♦ No drainage problems Pathogen Kill. Composting processes regulate temperatures through aeration and watering to achieve a pathogen kill. Temperatures of over 140 degrees can be sustained for this purpose. How Much floes It Cost? The costs involved in setting up and operating a yard and wood debris composting facility depend primarily on the level of technology chosen for the process. Based on the"Greenwaste Reduction Implementation Plan"prepared by Integrated Urban Forestry, Inc. in Laguna Hills, one time start up costs for a small,low tech composting facility(one processing 25 to 30 tons per day)would be approximately$375,000. This amount includes a tub grinder, a 3 cubic yard bucket loader, a screen with elevators,miscellaneous equipment, and permitting. This same report estimates annually recurring costs for the small facility to be $53,000. Nitrogen Sources Alfalfa Manure, Cow Manure, Turkey w/Hulls Alfalfa Silage Manure, Cow w/Bedding Manure,Turkey w/Shavings Blood Meal Manure, Cow w/Shavings Nitrogen,28% Breading Crumbs,Fishery Manure, Cow w/ Straw Nitrogen,32% Cocoa Shells Manure, Dairy Oat Silage Coffee Grounds Manure, Duck Onion Peelings Duck Weed Manure, Goat Seaweed Fish Byproducts Manure, Goose Sludge,Digested Garbage,kitchen Manure,Horse, no Bedding Sludge,Fish Garbage, Municipal Manure, Horse w/ Sawdust Sludge,Liquid Garden Weeds Manure, Horse w/Shavings Tankage Grass Clippings Manure, Horse w/Straw Urine,Horse w/Straw Grass, Loose& Dry Manure, Liquid Waste, Crustacean Grass, Wet Chopped Manure, Paunch Waste, Dogfish Herbs,Pressed Manure, Pig Waste,Flounder Manure& Hay Mix Manure,Pigeon Waste Herring Manure, Beef w/Straw Manure, Rabbit Waste,Mullet Manure, Broiler Manure, Sheep Waste,Tomato Manure, Chicken, Dry Manure, Sheep w/Bedding Waste,Vegetable Manure, Chicken, Wet Manure,Turkey Wheat,Wet Chopped The Potential for Compost as a Disease Suppressing Agent In the August 1997 Worldwatch Paper number 135,"Recycling Organic Waste: From Urban Pollutant to Farm Resource", Gary Gardner discusses the disease suppression capacity of compost. Specifically related to diseases caused by fungi,Mr. Gardner notes that"Since the 1970s, field tests have shown that compost limits the spread of root rat as effectively as many ftmgicides." More in-depth information about the use of compost for control of soil borne Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 20 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection } r diseases comes from the research of Dr. Harry Hoitink who is a plant pathologist at the Ohio State University Agricultural Research and Development Center. While research on the effects of compost on Fusarium subglutinans f sp. Pini(the fungus that causes the pitch canker infection)has not been completed,it is important to note that composted tree bark, according to Dr. Hoitink, can be as effective on the control of some fungi related diseases as fungicides and has significantly replaced the use of methyl bromide in the ornamental plant industry. Production of compost for disease suppression qualities may also be of interest to communities situated near agricultural operations such as vineyards. A recent article in the January 1999 edition of BioCycle Magazine,"California Wineries Take Major Steps to Improve Vineyards", cites work done by University of California, Davis researchers on the disease suppression capacity of composts. Don Lotter, a Ph.D. candidate at Davis, "...found a trend towards higher populations of beneficial microorganisms that are antagonists to Fusarium" in vineyards receiving compost applications. BioCycle reports that there is an increasing volume of research that exhibits the disease suppressive properties of compost. Research into the needs of nearby potential agricultural users is the first step to developing a compost product that can be marketed locally. Biosolids composting'. Everybody's loin'it Biosolids is the term used for the sludge produced by municipal sewage treatment plants. Biosolids compost is a widely used product by landscapers,nurseries, soil blenders,residents and farmers. BioCycle Magazine's January 1999 headline article, "Biosolids Composting in the United States",reports that in addition to the 274 operating Biosolids composting facilities in the U.S. there are another 47 facilities in various phases of designing,planning,permitting and construction. This report lists 1 2 facilities that are operational in California by type of facility and tons of biosolids per year processed. Reports from 59 of the operational facilities in the U.S. confirmed that their cumulative production of biosolids compost exceeds 1,300,000 tons annually. Utilization of Wood Chips in the Biosolids Composting Process. Wood chips are used as a source of carbon by the Texarkana Water Utilities Department in Texarkana,Texas. The ratio of wood chips to biosolids is based on the water content of the sludge and the weather(more chips/ sludge in wet weather, less in dry). During 1997, Texarkana used 17,240 cubic yards of ground greenwaste and 1,113 dry metric tons of biosolids to produce 16,000 cubic yards of compost. Chipped greenwaste is also used by San Joaquin Compost, a private enterprise 60 miles east of Paso Robles on Hwy 46. Based on a tipping fee, San Joaquin accepts greenwaste from as far south as Los Angeles and mixes greenwaste with municipal biosolids from a number of areas including jurisdictions in San Luis Obispo and Santa Cruz counties. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 21 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection 3-dk ado �G Pathogen Kill Temperatures are controlled through aeration and watering and achieve a pathogen kill. At Texarkana,temperatures are held between 122 and 131 degrees P for a number of days. Higher temperatures can be achieved and held. The finished product is Class"A"compost which meets the EPA Part 503, Table 3 Pollution Limits for Exceptional Quality Material. These same EPA standards are achieved through temperature controlled pathogen kills at San Joaquin Compost which produces 170,000 tons annually of finished compost to agricultural users. How much does it cost? The January BioCycle article, which is a report on a survey of biosolid composting facilities,reports costs per ton that range between$230 per ton for a large indoor, fully automated facility in an urban area and$20 per ton for a small outdoor facility in a rural area with plenty of space and no odor problems. The Texarkana facility uses a 4 cubic yard front loader, a skid steer loader with a 1 cubic yard bucket,a tub grinder,a windrow turner, a trommel screen,a 10 yard dump truck,a JD Crawler dozer and a tractor. A 40 x 120 foot covered area is used for machinery storage. The approximate cost of this equipment and the building was$900,000. An annual budget of $160,000 pays for maintenance,a foreman,two heavy equipment operators and a temporary laborer. Capital expenditures during the reporting year were$200,000. Wood Chips and Sludge in San Luis Obispo County, As mentioned above,an estimated total of 18,275 tons of wood waste and prunings were landfilled in San Luis Obispo county during the 12 month period between July 1997 and June 1998. Based on information gathered during interviews with managers of 6 county sewage treatment plants,over 9,000 tons of digested biosolids(4 out of the 6 reporting it to be"dry")are produced by the county's urban areas (villages such as Templeton, Cayucos, Cambria and others not included.) Current disposal practices include giving treated biosolids away to residents and ranchers, land application, daily cover at landfills, and biosolid composting(San Joaquin Compost). Information Sources.In addition to the report on biosolids composting in the January 1999 edition of the BioCycle Journal of Composting and Recycling, BioCycle offers a series of books on composting and has published informative articles through the years on the subject. You can call BioCycle at(610)967-4135. BioCycle is also an excellent source for equipment manufacturers. Texarkana Water Utilities can be contacted at(903) 798-3800. Ask for Operations Chief, Bonnie Crittenden. San Joaquin Compostirig is in Lost Hills(within the Zone of Infestation). _.. The phone number is (805) 746-6723. Logs to Lumber: Sawmills Small scale portable sawmills have become easier to operate and less expensive in the past few years. According to a recent edition of"California Trees",the quarterly newsletter of California ReLeaf,the City of Lompoc saved thousands of dollars by diverting trees from the landfill and milling 130 trees into valuable lumber. Capturing„Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 22 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection V+� Geo 7 How much does it cost? New portable sawmills range in price from $4,000 to over$80,000. There are two basic types: band sawmills and circular sawmills. While the circular sawmills produce lumber faster,they generate a rougher cut and they waste more wood. The"kerf'or loss of wood to sawdust with each pass, on a circular sawmill is about 1/4 inch. The band sawmill, on the other hand, is slower,produces a smoother cut, and has a narrower kerf(about 3/32 inch). Manual sawmills are the least expensive and require the most amount of labor. New manual sawmills with a trailer cost between$4,000 and$9,000. With a power feed model,the blade is mechanically powered into the cut but the loading and turning of the logs is still done manually. New power feed sawmills with a trailer generally cost between$9,000 and$14,000. Fully hydraulic sawmills with trailers can cost from $16,000 to $32,000. A hydraulic loader replaces a front end loader to place the log onto the carriage of the sawmill. Hydraulic mechanisms turn the log as it is squared for milling, and hydraulics automatically push the saw through the log. Equipment for extraction of saw logs from hillsides and in residential areas includes a crane and a truck. Estimates for the cost of an appropriate crane are from$150,000 to $200,000. A truck for hauling logs costs approximately$50,000. Accessories which often include extra bands or bits and shanks, sharpening systems, and a sawyer's seat can add$5,000 to the cost of the sawmill. Borrow a Portable MY/. The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection(CDF)will lend a portable sawmill to government agencies and nonprofit organizations for pilot projects. Contact Eric Oldar at(909) 782-4140. Information Sources. The"Sawmill Exchange"has published"The Portable Sawmill Encyclopedia"which,purportedly provides the most comprehensive listings of portable sawmill manufacturers,equipment manufacturers,trade shows, and information sources. The book can be ordered for$14.95 by calling the Sawmill Exchange at 800-459-2148. Helpful websites are the Sawmill Exchange at www.sawmill-exchange.com and the Forest Products Equipment website at www.forestproductsequip.com. Portable Small'Scale Co-Generation; Wood Chips to Electricity Reflective Energies, working with a grant from the National Renewable Energy Labs in Golden, Colorado,is currently developing a small,portable co-generation plant that may provide an effective method of using pine debris locally while eliminating the pitch canker pathogen. In the Reflective Energies process,wood is chipped, dried in a rotary drier(if above 20% moisture),and fed to a gasifier. The gasifier turns wood chips into gas which is fed into a microturbine. Specifically designed to bum low pressure gas,the microturbine heats 3/4 gallon Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 23 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection /` f of water per hour into steam which turns the turbine to generate electricity. The plant is designed to fit on a flat bed truck trailer. The electricity generated is fed directly into existing electric utility systems. The water used in the process can be either stored within the plant and refilled weekly or drawn from a source on site. Residue from the process includes ash(equaling 5%of wood chips by weight) and steam. Catalytic combustion of the fuel keeps emissions within all regulatory requirements. - According to an article in the summer 1998 edition of the"California Biodiversity News" entitled"New Hope for the Tahoe Basin"by Rob Schlichting of the California Energy Commission,and Karen Terrill and Russ Henley of the Department of Forestry and Fire Protection,this technology brings"....clean burning, low cost,portable power plants to the biomass."(Emphasis added) The authors point out that the traditional alternative of removing biomass from the source for co-generation at a large-scale biomass plant involves significant hauling costs. In the case of burning pitch canker infected pine debris,hauling also significantly increases the risk of spreading the disease. The plant is designed to take in 3 toms of wood chips per day and to produce 75 to 100 kilowatts per hour. Based on the materials provided by Reflective Energies,the energy produced by 3 tons of wood per day is enough to support over 100 homes with electricity. The electricity produced qualifies for"green energy"pricing and is competitive with other sources due to the low cost of fuel. Information Sources. Reflective Energies can be found at 22922 Tiagua,Mission Viejo, CA _- �, 92692-1433. Edan Prabhu,president of the company,can be reached at(949)380-4899. The Fax number is(949)380-8407 and you can E-mail Mr. Prabhu at edanprabhu@msn.com. The paper cited above can be found in the summer 1998 edition of California Biodiversity News. _. Chips for Animal Bedding In San Luis Obispo county,pine animal bedding sells for$4.25 for 7 112 cubic feet (approximately 40-50 pounds). One outlet in the county sells over 60 tons of animal bedding per year in 40-50 pound bags. These bags of pine bedding are shipped,from Missouri. Pathogen KIII. According to a recent study by McNee, Wood, Storer,and Gordon, chipping reduces the number of twig beetles, suspected vectors of the pathogen,by 95-97%. Since animal bedding must be dried,a drier that ensures the elimination of the pitch canker pathogen is assumed to be part of the program in the selection process that ranks this option. How Much Does It Cost? While wood chips and sawdust produced as a byproduct of milling is the least expensive way to produce animal bedding,reducing wood debris to animal bedding requires a separate set-up. WCI FiberTech Products in Gallatin, Tennessee offers a package for converting wood debris into animal bedding. The package includes equipment, set up,training, and marketing assistance. Equipment includes a shredder,a grinder,conveyers,drier,deduster,a dust collection system,a system for loading tricks,and a bagging system. Equipment, _.. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 24 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection rf installation, start-up, and training costs$625,000. On site requirements include a 3,000 square foot enclosed space, an outdoor pad for receiving and storing wood, and a power source to run the facility. Information Sources For animal bedding from sawmill scraps: Vilest Oregon Wood Products P.O.Box 249 Columbia City,OR 97018 800-966-5654 WCI FiberTech 625 Rappahannock Wire Road Gallatin, TN 37066 (615) 230-7588 Options for Capturing, Handling, and Disposing of Pine Materials As discussed in the"Methodology" section, collection,transport, and disposal systems are firmly in place in virtually all communities in the state. As a result,potential options for collection, transport, and disposal systems that would slow the spread of pitch canker necessarily involve modification or expansion of existing systems. The options for modifying existing systems for capturing,handling, and disposing of pine materials generated for this report are based on the needs reflected in the initial survey of existing systems and by needs reflected in interviews. These options translate directly into recommendations. Therefore,please refer to the section below entitled"Recommendations for Capturing,Handling, and Disposing of Pine Materials". Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zane of Infestation 25 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection y f„ RECOMMENDED PROGRAMS FOR THE USE OF PINE MA TERIALS IN SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY As discussed in the"Methodology" section above, options for the uses of pine materials were subjected to a more rigorous method of analysis than were options for capture,handling,and disposal of pine materials. Again,this is due to the fact that while many options for using pine materials are not being carried out in the county at this time, collection,transport,and disposal systems for tree, wood,and yard debris are firmly in place in San Luis Obispo county and in most areas of the state. These well entrenched and effective solid waste programs limit practical options for capturing, handling, and disposing of pine materials to expansion and augmentation of existing systems. The absence of existing programs or enterprises that use, or add value,to locally collected pine materials provides the opportunity for creativity and the need for a systematic selection process. Please refer to Attachment C "Program Selection Chart"for an account of the program selection process and to the"Methodology"section above for a description of that process. List of program options In order of their ranking 1. Compost locally 2. Compost with biosolids/locally/private sector 3. Lumber/fence boards&posts 4. Chips left on site with education 5. Lumber/pressure treated 6. Lumber/construction 7. Compost with biosolids/locally/public agency 8. Lumber/furniture/kiln dried 9. Chips/local co-generation 10. Chips/animal bedding 11. Compost out of area _.. 12. Whole logs debarked 13. Chips left on site 14. Firewood use with education program 15. Firewood used in the county 16. Compost with biosolids/out of area 17. Firewood used out of the county 18. Whole logs with bark 19. Chips/out of ZOI for co-generation Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 26 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Ol'I Y Three Geographic Areas. The recommended programs for the use of pine materials in San Luis Obispo county are divided into the three geographic areas of: ♦ The North County area north of the Cuesta grade. i The North Coast region from Los Osos to the Monterey county line. a The area south of the Cuesta grade from the City of San Luis Obispo to the Santa Barbara county line and including the southern coastal areas. These geographic areas reflect logical "waste sheds"of pine debris and, consistent with the goal of reducing the distances that unprocessed pine materials are transported,they provide reasonable areas within which pine materials can be processed prior to long distance transport. As shown on the"Map of Sources of Pine Materials in the Project Area",the North County and the area south of Cuesta grade both have active composting facilities. San Luis Obispo has an active saw mill with the capacity to increase the number of logs currently milled. Recommendations for these areas include expansion of existing facilities to provide the means of debarking whole logs for both lumber and chips for compost. While the map indicates two greenwaste facilities in the North Coast area near Cambria,neither are producing compost and one is no longer accepting materials. The saw mill located on the North Coast has the capacity for some expansion, however,the quantity of logs available for milling currently exceeds the capacity of that mill. Another factor taken into account in development of the recommended program for the North Coast area is the limited sources of nitrogen to mix with large volumes of carbon(wood chips). Since the major source of available nitrogen in the area is treated municipal sludge,the second ranking option, compost with biosolids, was selected rather than option one. The following three pages show program recommendations by region. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of infected Pine Material within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 27 California Deparnnent of Forestry and Fire Protection .. ,' '' la h W �t U) W W6 CDW cozCLy LU CQ 0 Z cg`s GC W m W 2CC Cf) CL ccyytYhj LLJ '5C to LU rz 6 uj 0 Lu to CL cc Wei c� D mCC CL uj I-Z L11 cc WARj CC uj �1! Oei Rwctgn uj ism w QCc0CL z Crw CC LLJ U LU 10 LZ cc OC Lt„ QVtryW �L uj „. W cc It LL LU 4. Lu Z m W qct� Z cc Q, CL C5 W d � L W P 17ell W w Q 1" OHO Z WCCUl ES d .SWCL AY CL LA: XLU .. Wim � C S C, f u' W CL w t CC A et a a Lu w0 � Cc o � � LL ul � w LU Cf) CL Grp Cc F- 0 LLI F. Ct 2cr CL toCo 6 c w c� LU Parma W � � � Cc cr. co ALU CC CL : m0 Q O UA W coF•• V GQttl ;rm =� � f {WW `g� © � v�© ui uj u Lu dCt � CSCn OCWQj U5 Z Cc L �L2 � zLU to d 4 RN :v ..j � � tRmwaUu. Uw44r-. tt4` UJ Cc Z Lu QSC tp �. 3 4. W m C3 Z ocy W I_q X LUX 4 W Gid!'-d ' 4W :i- W4tiC`y ci cc LM S s Wi f♦ cc W � dLum co NZ CL cc w ¢ a CC 00 b w CC W �` fl w cs a ba ¢ � CLQ x x tw C! � b fit.. Fz uj b � fl 2 � Ucc CO t5 F Ctz wU L4 ►- 1 bb dtr y. cc t7 flf, duj OC4i `z Wfl Q � b �[ ¢ "� ( w UCC CO (� � Yb � ©ctfl Zkx 2q � L3t� �- 4CbWRwL, w � '1)U� mflo LLI to •. -� LU Cl) It Lu w � c�cc � rz 4i .J � ..Il+ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Wi 4 Cl ♦ • • T CC c m ulw hf��7 RECOMMENDA TIONS FOR CAPTURING, HANDLING, AND DISPOSING OF PINE MA TERIALS IN SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY As discussed above, recommendations for capturing,handling, and disposing of potentially infected pine materials in San Luis Obispo county reflect the needs identified in the initial survey of Zone of Infestation counties and the jurisdictions in San Luis Obispo county, in interviews with public agencies and private sector tree services and businesses, and in a review of literature. The spread of pitch canker is a regional concern. First rate programs in one jurisdiction will not prevent pitch canker from being carried in from another area on firewood headed for a campground or on greenwaste headed for a landfill on the other side of the county. Effective programs will require the cooperation of both public agencies,private enterprises, and individuals in planning, funding, and implementing regional programs. The programs described on the following pages are recommended for consideration and implementation on a cooperative regional basis. Clearly, implementation of many programs must be done within each jurisdiction. Curbside greenwaste collection programs and volume based rates, for example,must be implemented and managed by each city or unincorporated village area. However,regional planning and regional agreements to implement collectively adopted programs are recommended. Regional funding for some recommended programs is also suggested for consideration. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 28 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CAPTURING, HANDLING, AND DISPOSING OF PINE NA TERiALS iN SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY Survey and Research Findings Recommendations 33%of SLO county jurisdictions provide 1. Expand curbside greenwaste collection to all urban separate residential curbside collection of and village areas. greenwaste and tree debris. 2. Expand participation in existing programs through program promotion. 33%4 of SLO county jurisdictions promote Expand volume based rate programs to all urban and residential separation of tree debris and village areas as curbside greenwaste programs are greenwaste by providing volume based initiated garbage rates coupled with curbside collection of greenwaste. 33%of jurisdictions report that their own Require al/municipal and county crews to separate crews separate tree materials from other tree materials from other wastes. wastes. 16%of jurisdictions report that their own Adopt internal management requirements for city and crews disinfect tools after use on pine county crews to disinfect tree related tools between trees. work on each pine tree. No information about pitch canker is Develop and distribute to the public, to landfill and provided at SLO county landfills and 33%n compost facility users and to public employees of SLO communities provide information on comprehensive educational and promotional materials how to transport infected pine materials to on proper handling and transport of pine materials. the public and to public employees. After education and local collection and processing There are no ordinances in SLO county systems are in place: banning greenwaste from municipal waste collection systems. 1. Assess the ability of those facilities to accept increased volumes of yard debris. !f increased volumes can be accepted and processed: 2. Ban greenwaste from residential and commercial trash cans and dumpsters. 3 Ban greenwaste from landfills, Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 29 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection �l r >,s: :•� Survey and Research Findings Recommendations 16%of the communities in the county 1. Require all municipal waste haulers and recyclers require all waste materials to be to transport waste and yard debris in enclosed transported in completely enclosed trucks trucks. by municipal haulers and self haulers. 2 Provide incentives(lower tip fee)to self haulers who arrive at landfills and compost facilities with enclosed loads of wood or yard debris. 3. Provide grants to private sector tree services and haulers to retrofit trucks with approved enclosures. 33%of county jurisdictions prohibit the 1. Adopt ordinances that prohibit the transport of transport of pine materials to areas either unprocessed pine materials out of the county. outside the jurisdiction or outside the,ZOL 2. Discourage transport from area of generation by establishing and enhancing local processing facilities in 3 wasteshed areas. 3. Provide a reduced tip fee as an incentive to dispose of tree and yard debris at local compost facilities. 67%of communities in the county allow Under circumstances that , 7 the use of local open burning of wood debris. processing options and that require the removal of pine debris, safe,permitted burning should be encouraged as a practical and effective method of eliminating the pathogen. Public agencies and private sector tree Provide grant funds for purchase of equipment for services and haulers lack the equipment removal of logs from hillsides and residential areas necessary for removal of saw logs from and hauling of logs to mills. hillsides and residential areas for milling. Existing sawmills do not have capacity to Provide grant funds for purchase of approved mill volumes of logs potentially generated equipment for milling pine trees close to areas of by pitch canker, generation. Existing composters lack the ability to Provide grant funds for purchase of equipment for debark logs for safe transport to mills. debarking logs at 2 existing composting facilities. Existing markets for Monterey pine lumber Stimulate markets for Monterey pine lumber by are weak due to a lack of awareness of the providing a price preference for inhouse and product. contractor use of Monterey pins lumber milled locally. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 30 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection v',, r2 , , .,. MODEL RESOLUTION AND ORDINANCE'S Model Resolution for Jurisdictions Within San Luis Obispo County The model resolution below reflects the specific recommendations made in this report for slowing the spread of pitch canker. With the primary objective of slowing the spread of pitch canker,this model resolution contains a series of interrelated components for approval including new facilities,incentives,regulations,educational programs which, acting as a whole,are designed to: r Capture maximum volumes of potentially infected pine materials by expanding greenwaste - collection systems and eliminating greenwaste from garbage cans and landfills through bans. ♦ Eliminate the pitch canker pathogen with an effective processing method. ♦ Reduce the distances potentially infected pine materials are transported before processing by establishing processing facilities in the North County and North Coast waste sheds. r Substantially reduce the release of the pathogen during transport of potentially infected materials by providing incentives to haulers to carry tree materials in enclosed trucks. The recommendations are consistent with, and strengthen implementation of,the solid waste and recycling programs described in the Source Reduction and Recycling Elements adopted by the County of San Luis Obispo and the cities of Paso Robles, Atascadero, San Luis Obispo,Morro Bay,Grover Beach,Pismo Beach, and Arroyo Grande. Implementation of programs to capture _. and process expanded volumes of tree,yard,and wood debris will provide important progress toward reaching the state mandated 50%waste reduction by 2000. Adoption of this model ordinance is a first step and provides the policy foundation for development and implementation of specific ordinances, educational programs, incentives, and regulations that will leverage changes to public and private sector systems and behaviors that are essential in the effort to slow the spread of pitch canker. Two model ordinances which are consistent with the resolution are also provided. Capturing,Handling,utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 31 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection byr"� i RESOLUTION APPROVING PROGRAMS FOR CAPTURING,HANDLING, DISPOSING,AND UTILIZING PINE MATERIALS WHEREAS,pitch canker,an introduced fungal disease, is causing the death of Monterey pines trees and the decline of the native Monterey Pine forest in San Luis Obispo county; and WHEREAS, San Luis Obispo county is within the Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation which includes all or portions of 22 coastal California counties from Mendocino to San Diego; and WHEREAS, there is no known cure for pitch canker and the potential for extensive environmental and economic impacts on local ecosystems, property values, and ecotouri.sm, and on the vitality of California's forests is significant; and WHEREAS,the pitch canker fungus is vectored by insects and by the transport of infected pine trees, logs, firewood, chips, branches,bark,needles and cones; and WHEREAS, it is the responsibility of all jurisdictions to take appropriate action to minimize and slow the spread of pitch canker from infested to uninfected areas; and WHEREAS, the spread of pitch canker is inter jurisdictional, and the costs of programs for slowing the spread can be lowered by inter jurisdictional cooperation; and WHEREAS,minimizing and slowing the spread of pitch canker by reducing the distances pine materials are transported and by reducing or eliminating the release of the pathogen during transport of pine materials are primary goals of(name of jurisdiction). NOW,THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that(name of jurisdiction)approves the recommendations of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection for capturing, handling,disposing, and utilizing pine materials and shall work with other jurisdictions in the county to accomplish the following. To capture maximum volumes of pine materials in(name of jurisdiction) and in the San Luis Obispo county area, (name of jurisdiction)will work cooperatively with other jurisdictions to: ♦ Extend curbside collection of greenwaste to all urban and village areas. ♦ Expand participation in existing and new curbside greenwaste collection programs through program promotion. ♦ Implement the use of volume based rates in all urban and village areas as an economic incentive to participate in curbside greenwaste collection programs. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker zone of Infestation 32 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection To discourage transport of potentially infected materials away from the area of generation, (name of jurisdiction) will work cooperatively with other jurisdictions to: + Develop ordinances that prohibit the transport of pine materials out of the county. i Develop and/or expand local facilities for processing pine materials in the area of generation to service the North County and North Coast areas. ♦ Provide grants for development of local facilities and purchase of equipment for processing of pine and other tree and yard debris. ♦ Provide a reduced tip fee at local(area of generation)processing facilities as an incentive to dispose of pine materials locally and reduce transport of infected materials through other areas of the county. ♦ Require all franchise and contract curbside greenwaste recyclers to dispose of collected greenwaste at local processing facilities. After local processing facilities are operational and are processing pine and other wood and yard debris from the area of generation, (name of jurisdiction)will further contain infected pine materials within local areas of generation by: Developing and adopting an ordinance banning greenwaste from residential and commercial garbage collection systems. ♦ Working with other jurisdictions including the County of San Luis Obispo to develop and adopt an ordinance banning greenwaste and tree debris from landfills. To reduce the spread of pitch canker during the transport of potentially infected pine materials, (name of jurisdiction)will work with other jurisdictions to: ♦ Support the use of enclosed trucks for transport of tree materials and/or yard debris by providing a reduced tip fee as an incentive for self-haulers who arrive at landfills and local processing facilities with enclosed loads of tree materials and/or yard debris. ♦ Encourage the use of trucks with effective enclosures by developing and implementing a grant program to fund approved truck enclosure retrofits for private sector haulers. To reduce the spread of pitch canker as pine materials are handled by public agencies, (name of jurisdiction)will work with other jurisdictions in the county to develop and adopt internal - management guidelines requiring public agency crews and tree service companies contracting with public agencies to: ♦ Separate tree materials from other wastes. ♦ Transport tree materials in closed truck containers. ♦ Dispose of all tree materials at local area processing facilities. ♦ Disinfect all tree-related tools after use on pine trees. To educate and inform the public about pitch canker and about programs and methods of slowing the spread of pitch canker, (name of jurisdiction) will work with other jurisdictions in the county Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 33"/-0/, California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection /ls z to develop and distribute to the public,to landfill and processing facility users, and to public employees,clear and comprehensive materials on proper collection and transport of pine materials. To stimulate the economic sustainability of programs that slow the spread of pitch canker, (name of jurisdiction)will use, whenever possible, locally milled pine lumber for projects within(name of jurisdiction) including for walk ways, foot bridges, guard rails, sign posts, and fencing. Under circumstances that prevent the use of local processing facilities as a means of eliminating the pitch canker fungus and that require the removal of pine debris, (name of jurisdiction) supports safe permitted burning as a practical method of effectively eliminating the pitch canker pathogen. PASSED AND ADOPTED BY(name ofjurisdiction) THIS DAY OF 1999. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 34 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection ar Model Ordinances for Jurisdictions Within San Luis Obispo County What follows is language for two model ordinances. Both ordinances represent first steps in slowing the spread of pitch canker. Requirement for enclosed, leak proof trucks Pursuant to(name of jurisdiction)resolution no. ,all solid waste containing pine debris, and all pine tree parts of any kind including trunks, logs,branches,bark,needles, and cones in any form including chips,whole logs, firewood, or any portion of a pine tree shall be hauled by any person on any road within(name of jurisdiction) in an enclosed, leak proof container which shall be mounted on the back of a hauling truck or secured in the rear of a truck. Signs Notifying Requirement for enclosed, leak proof trucks Signs shall be posted at all mills and solid waste and recycling facilities in(name of jurisdiction) including landfills, composting facilities and any other facility or site that accepts wood materials,greenwaste, or parts of trees notifying facility users of the requirements to haul all pine debris and parts of pine trees including mss, logs,branches,bark, needles, and cones in any form including chips,whole logs, firewood, or any portion of a pine tree in enclosed, leak proof trucks. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 35 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (off �t PROGRAM FUNDING OPTIONS Recycling Market Development Zone Loan Program The California Integrated Waste Management Board has established the opportunity for cities and counties to become designated as Recycling Market Development Zones(RMDZ). Businesses,nonprofit organizations, and local governments located within the boundaries of a zone that add value to recyclable materials collected in the zone have access to low interest loans through the zone loan program. Low interest loans are funded from an annual pool of $5,000,000 to $10,000,000. Loan approvals take place quarterly. Applications can be coordinated through the administrator of the zone in which the project will occur but actual applications should be made directly by the applicant to the California Integrated Waste Management Board at (916)255-2397 California Integrated Waste Management Board 8800 Cal Center Drive Sacramento, CA 95826 Please see Attachment D for a list of RMDZ contacts for the Zone of Infestation counties. Local Funds for Solid Waste Diversion Programs As mentioned above,the County of San Luis Obispo and 6 of the 7 cities in the county formed the County Integrated Waste Management Authority(IWMA)as a method of implementing regional waste reduction,recycling and composting programs. Since its inception,the IWMA has collected a$3.00 fee for each ton of waste disposed at landfills within the County's jurisdiction(Cold Canyon and Chicago Grade)which is reserved for implementation of regional recycling and composting programs. Avoided Disposal Costs Avoided disposal costs are the total costs of disposal which are avoided or saved when materials are diverted from disposal systems. These avoided costs represent significant savings, funds which can be shifted from payments to disposal services(which no longer collect,transport,or landfill the diverted materials)to development of systems and facilities for recycling tree materials. If 100 tons of pine wood goes to a compost facility instead of to the landfill with a$40 per ton tipping fee, the expenditure of$4,000 has been avoided. Since many jurisdictions support garbage services through a per household fee instead of by the ton collected,a diversion of that 100 tons of pine without redirecting the $4,000 per ton fee amounts to putting$4,000 into the pocket of the garbage company. And while garbage companies reasonably maintain that many costs of providing the service are not connected to variations in tons collected, efficiencies in routing, collection technologies and administration can be realized as tons go down. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker zone of Infestation 36 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection3`� �f Tipping fees within the Zone of Infestation range, according to the survey, between$10 and $64 per ton. With a focus on the project area of San Luis Obispo county and conservatively basing the projection on$40 per ton,the cost of landfilling(not counting the hauling costs) 18,275 annual tons of wood debris and prunings can be estimated at$731,000. The annual costs for disposal of sewage sludge in the surveyed areas in the county is approximately $206,500. The "avoided disposal cost"method of determining the costs of waste processing alternatives provides a more accurate assessment of those costs and provides a source of revenue for implementation of processing alternatives. Grants What follows is a series of funding opportunities which may apply to projects related to slowing the spread of pitch canker. The lames Irvine Foundation Supports efforts to advance the goal of sustainable communities wherein environmental, economic development, and social goals are achieved in unison. Funding: The foundation made 295 grants in 1994 totaling$29,000,000,with the majority of grants equaling$100,000. Eligibility: Tax-exempt organizations within California. Application: A letter of inquiry to the foundation with project description and estimated budget is suggested. Letters and proposals are accepted year-round. Contact: (415) 777-2244 The James Irvine Foundation One Market Plaza _. Spear Tower, Suite 1715 San Francisco, CA 94105 EPA Solid Waste Management Assistance Grants(RCRA 8001) Promotes use of integrated solid waste management systems to solve municipal solid waste generation and management problems at the local,regional,and national levels. Funding: The award budget for each regional,office in 1995 was approximately$200,000. Eligibility:Nonprofit entities including federal and state authorities,public and private organizations,and tribal governments. Application: Requests for application forms and submittal of completed applications should be directed to the appropriate EPA regional office. Deadlines vary from region to region. Contact: Lois Tenney (415) 744-2135 U.S.EPA Region 9 75 Hawthorne Street San Francisco, CA 94105 tenney.loisepamail.epa.gov Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 37 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection , -5, Rural Utilities Service Solid Waste Management Grants Provides grants to rural areas for technical assistance and training to reduce pollution of water resources and improve planning and management of solid waste facilities. Funding. $3,000,000 was awarded in 1995, with an average of$75,000 per grant. Eligibility. Public and non-profit organizations servicing rural areas and towns with a population of 10,000 or less. Application: Information and applications may be obtained from Rural Economic and Community Development field offices. Applications are accepted from October 1 through December 31. Contact: Donna Roderick(202) 720-9589 Rural Utilities Service U.S. Department of Agriculture 14th Street&Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, DC 20250 Rural Utilities Service Technical Assistance and Training Grants Supports technical assistance and training on a wide range of water delivery and waste disposal issues. Funding: $9,000,000 was awarded in 1995, with grants ranging from$40,000 to $4,000,000. Eligibility: National non-profit organizations servicing rural areas and towns with a population of 10,000 or less. Application: Information and applications may be obtained from Rural Economic and Community Development field offices. Applications are accepted from October 1 through December 31. Contact: Donna Roderick (202) 720-9589 Rural Utilities Service U.S. Department of Agriculture 14th Street&Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington,DC 20250 Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 38 / California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection / 3 -dJ- TEMPCA TE FOR 201 COUNT/ES The purpose of this section is to provide steps which can be used by counties within the Zone of Infestation to develop programs for slowing the spread of pitch canker that will be locally applicable. Since the spread of pitch canker is caused by the transport of infected pine materials, the overall objectives of programs designed to slow the spread of pitch canker are to: * Capture maximum volumes of potentially infected pine materials into systems designed to slow the spread of the pitch canker. ♦ Process pine materials using a method that eliminates the pathogen. + Reduce the overall distances that unprocessed pine materials are transported by processing pine materials as close to the point generation as possible. ♦ Preventing the release of the pitch canker pathogen by ensuring that all unprocessed pine materials are transported in enclosed trucks. What follows is a list of steps that represent a distillation of the process used in the development of recommended programs for San Luis Obispo county. Each step also represents a number of separate tasks which are discussed in more detail in the body of this report. 1. Understand current conditions: Identify and list all existing waste haulers, landfills, and wood recycling,processing and disposal systems and facilities. ♦ Identify and list all existing uses of pine materials. ♦ Map the sources of pine materials in your jurisdiction. 2. Establish criteria for selecting options for using pine materials. 3. Identify and list all potential options for capturing, handling, utilizing, and disposing of pine materials. 4. Identify and list all needed system changes. 5. Identify appropriate sites for any needed facilities. 6. Select appropriate programs for capturing, handling,utilizing, and disposing of pine materials. 7. Develop policies, ordinances, and internal management needs as a basis for implementing selected programs. 8. Use this report as a resource. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material within the Coastal Pitch Canker zone of Infestation 3 g California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection ` BIBLIOGRAPHY Terrill,K.,and Henley, R. Summer 1998. New Hope for the Tahoe Basin. California Biodiversity News, P. 4. Ciesla, W. March 1995. Natural Forests of Monterey Pine: A Global Resource. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Unpublished paper. Templeton, S., Wood, D., Storer, A., and Gordon,T. April 1997. Economic Damages of Pitch Canker. Fremontia, Volume 25:2. Abramovitz, J. April 1998. Taking a Stand: Cultivating a New Relationship With the World's Forests. Worldwatch Institute, Paper No. 140. Rogers,D. and Ledig, F. 1996. The Status of Temperate North American Forest Genetic Resources. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Report No. 16 Mattoon,A. December 1998. Bogging Down in the Sinks. World Watch. Volume 11,No. 6. P.28. Bright,C. 1998. Life Out of Bounds Bioinvasion in a Borderless World. W.W.Norton& Co. Gardner, G. 1997. Recycling Organic Waste: From Urban Pollutant to Farm Resource. Worldwatch Institute, Paper No. 135. Grobe,K. May 1997. It's a New Era for Farm Compost. BioCycle. P. 52. Hoitink, H., Stone, A. and Han D. April 1997. Suppression of Plant Diseases by Composts. HortScience,Volume 32(2). P. 184. Goldstein,N. and Gray, K. January 1999. Biosolids Composting in the United States. BioCycle. P. 63. Porter, C. January 1999. California Wineries Take Major Stens to Improve Vineyards. BioCycle. P. 59. Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker zone of Infestation 40 ' California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection f' PI Attachment A RESOLUTION COASTAL PITCH CANKER ZONE OF INFESTATION WREREAS, Public Resources Code, Article 5, Section 4712 through Section 4718 provides that whenever the Director determines that there exists an area which is infested or infected with plant diseases injurious to timber or forest growth and that the infestation or infection is of such a character as to be a menace to the timber or timberlands of California,the Director,with the approval of the State Board of Forestry, may declare a zone of infestation and describe and fix its boundaries;and WHEREAS, said Sections provide that the Department or its agents shall cause the infestation or infection to be controlled in a manner approved by the Board;and WHEREAS,The Director has determined that there exists an infestation or infection of the fungal disease Pitch Canker,and such infestation or infection is a plant disease injurious to timber or forest growth in several counties in the State of California within the following described boundaries: All of the area within the counties of Alameda, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Marin, Monterey, Mendocino,Napa, Orange, San Benito, San Francisco, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, Sonoma, and Ventura; and the portion of San Bernardino, Riverside and San Diego Counties which is westerly of the line beginning at the San Bernardino/Los Angeles County line and proceeding easterly along State Route(SR) 138 to Interstate Highway(I) 15; thence southerly along I-15 to I-215; thence southerly along I-215 to I-15;thence southerly along I-15 to SR-79;then southerly along SR-79 to I-8; thence easterly along I-8 to the San Diego / Imperial County line; thence southerly along the San Diego/ Imperial County line to the U.S. / Mexico border. NOW, THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED by the State Board of Forestry in Regular Meeting in Visalia, California on June 4, 1997, that said Board does hereby approve the declaration by the Director of the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation within the boundaries of and comprising the area described above;and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Director, in accordance with the established Forest Pest Management policy of the State Board of Forestry, and in the absence of action by other agencies, is hereby authorized to take actions which would control the movement,disposal and use of woody material infected with Pitch Canker and to use such funds as have been or may hereafter be made available for the purpose of controlling, managing, researching and educating the people of California about said infestation. Attest: ,aZJ_Apl?ro Dean Cromwell.Executive Officer Bert KersUe, ai an State Board of Forestry State Board of Fo .. jJ S W"s _ 4 Coastal Pitch Canker `- .one of Infestation :• A:�'�c '�"#�`• �.r. May 12, 1997 - qnq 7. d� .SAF u. ,•� ;}� wis � •3�'�},r'�-''.'..,ode�• t}laa. NNWf' ;;a• ..{��,�„/"� .. • J lair rW�+ �Ow Il�rir 23.1 Million Acre `os Zone of Infestation County Boundary Highway r'��j• San ------------- O '•' � �` ...: PINE PITCH CANKER TASK FORCE Attachment B CAURQRt+MA FOREST PEST Com POSITION PAPRR ' Transport, Disposal, and Use of Woody Material infested with the Pine Pitch Canker Fungus Counties with infesdations of pine pitch canker include Alameda, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Marin, Monterey, Mendocino, Orange, San Benito, San Diego, San Francisco, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Sonoma. infestations may be localized or widespread depending upon the county. Know if you are in an infested area. If you are unsure, assume you are within an infested area whenever working with pine within an infested county. Most pines and Douglas-fir are susceptible to the disease, although the disease is most likely to be encountered in either Monterey or Bishop pines. In order to reduce the spread of pitch canker to uninfested areas, The Pine Pitch Canker Task Force recommends the following actions within infested areas: Tree pruning and cutting a 'Tools and machinery which are used to prune, cut, or chip trees with pine pitch canker disease should be cleaned and sterilized before use on uninfected trees or in uninfested areas. Lysol* or a 10# solution of bleach (1 part household bleach in 9 parts water) are effective sterilants. A logical alternative to repeated cleaning of equipment is to reserve one set of equipment for use only in infested areas and another set for use only in uninfested areas. a Limbs and small pieces of wood from diseased trees may be chipped wand the mulch deposited on site or they maybe burned. Any material that is removed from the site should be tightly covered with a tarp during transit and taken to the nearest landfill or designated 'disposal facility for prompt burial, chipping and composting, or burning. Do not transport diseased wood out of infested counties. a Logs from diseased trees faay be split for firewood for local use, but the wood should be seasoned beneath a tightly sealed, clear plastic tarp to prevent the buildup of destructive insects. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection TRS2 HOTS #3, Controlling Bark Beetles in Wood Residue and Firewood, provides specific guidelines for firewood Carping. Do. not stack pine firewood next to living pine trees or transport it to uninfested counties. Firewood a Do not transport pine firewood out of infested counties. If you are traveling from an infested area to camp elsewhere, take another type of firewood with you, such as oak or cedar, or purchase firewood at your destination. a If you are camping within an infested county, use up or leave behi�any pine firewood you have with you. This should be clone even if you brought the firewood with you from an uninfested county. Christmas trees a Individ=uals are advised not to transport Monterey pine Christmas trees out of infested counties. Purchase and use trees locally; dispose of Monterey pine Christmas trees locally. A Coaitba of GW4UTYIMt",PdVe t and NWWO&OHM" 4f PINE PITCH CANKER TASK FORCE ,/ CALiFORMA FOREST PEST COUNCM. +� Preferred methods of disposal include: -- dispose of the tree promptly through a local recycling program, or -- dispose at a local landfill which either buries or composts green waste, or -- chip the tree and compost the chips or use them as. a mulch around your home. Seeds ■ Seeds collected in pitch canker infested areas may carry the pathogen, even if they are taken from cones on apparently healthy trees. Pine seeds should not be transported out of pitch canker infested areas. Chips ■ Unless the chips have been composted, do not transport pine chips out of infested counties. Composting chips prior to transport should greatly reduce or eliminate the potential for disease spread. s Within infested areas, the use of infected chips for mulch would contribute little to the total number of sources of the disease. However, it is best to use chips near the site of origin as it will minimize dispersal of the pathogen to uninfested areas within an infested county. Avoid using potentially infested chips near healthy pines or Douglas-fir. Dogs ■ Do not transport pine logs with intact bark out of infested counties, unless you are positive the logs originated from an uninfected area. Removing all bark prior to transport should greatly reduce the potential for disease spread, as would prompt milling of the logs. s Pine bark should not be transported out of infested counties. Handling, disposal and use is the same as for other pine green waste. Other • Any untreated pine material that originates within infested counties is a potential source of pine pitch canker disease, unless the material has been treated to eliminate the disease or has been certified to be disease-free. This position paper was developed by the Pine Pitch Canker Task Force and approved on January 23. 1997 . It reflects conditions current as of tb C. date. For further information Contact: Don Owen Gary Kelly CA Dept Forestry and Fire Protection Dept of Forest and Beach 6105 Airport Rd. PO Box Ss Redding, CA 96002 Carmel, CA 93921 Phone: 916-224-2494 Phone: 408-524-3543 Bmai l: Dona Owenmfi re.ca.gov A Coaftin of t'3awrmm emal.Private end Nonprofit Groq* SZ,6f G� PIKE PITCH CANKER TASK FORCE POSITION PAPER CALIFORNIA FOREST PEST COUNCIL Page 3 Background Pine pitch canker is a fungal disease that infects many species of pine trees. It infects Monterey pine Christmas trees and has been found in ornamental Douglas-fir at one location in Santa Cruz County. First discovered in California in 1986, its range is spreading and now includes 16 coastal and adjacent inland counties from Mendocino to San Diego. There is no cure and thousands of Monterey and Bishop pine trees have been killed. Bark beetles, which carry the fungus, primarily infest Monterey and Bishop pines but also feed and breed on inland forest trees such as ponderosa pine. As yet, the disease has not been found in the Sierra Nevada or other heavily forested parts of the state. Transport, disposal and use of diseased material should be done so as not to spread the disease to uninfested areas. Insects spread the disease locally, but people are responsible for long-distance spread. Pine firewood, logs, chips, branches, needles, cones, and trees may all be a source of the disease. University of California scientists are currently doing studies to characterize the survival of the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium sub2lutinans f.sp. pini and associated insects in pine green waste, but the full results are not yet in.. The fungus can survive in cut wood up to a year. The fungus also 'survives in soil up to 8 weeks or more. Insects may survive in cut wood or chips for many months. Chipping does not eliminate insects. When branch tips infested with twig beetles are chipped, some insects may emerge up to 12 weeks after chipping. Undoubtedly, some insects will survive even longer in chipped material. All of these findings implicate pine green waste as a viable source for the spread of pine pitch canker disease. A C*&Kvn of Govern mortal,Ptivsts and Nonprofit Gmups n '1 00 ct 0 0 Ln CV M CV CV CV " .acm xa "+ CV Ch Cn N C\i t1t 3 J � U W Lf1 ,111 1 LO '-i M m N Cy CV to E.0 oON ca Roil 9 �`. V 04 1-4 4d tl o r fu �, ,; 00 ai c� t7i tti Ll7 cti �' a v c 0CL � a+ W n41 O ig " Q 'c � v c� to vi � E t<,stko � s°i a"' o O all v xw C L U L �7 •Q y p c CL as to +r 0E O > c cl c io ° �y tII COL CEay al C1, G7 � L 0 cn r `�u Q C t4 �' C L x Vt CLC .w1 O m m an L C 7i t1 s- t7i t7 a> 41O tact V E ttf �;,, y E _ O ate+ ++ 0 {3 p. xtip 0 m ~ 0 �'t3 ups p t7A E avi as UiaU v 0 to Cs. y c > o s CLm E tut ay C a. 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CL .E i' 31" ' ATTACHMENT D RECYCLING MARKET DEVELOPMENT ZONE PROGRAM ZONE ADMINISTRA TOR CONTACTS Agua Mansa Central Coast Tina Grotke Bill Worrell Riverside County Economic San Luis Obispo Integrated Waste Development Agency Management Authority 3525 14th Street P.O. Box 857 Riverside, CA 92501 San Luis Obispo, CA 93406 Voice (909)955-6686 FAX (909)955-6686 City of Paso Robles John McCarthy Contra Costa Public Works Department Jerry Dunbar 2000 Spring Street 415 Railroad Avenue Paso Robles, CA 93446 Pittsburg, CA 94565 Voice (805) 237-3860 Voice (925)439-4896 FAX (805) 2376565 FAX (925)437-0938 City of los Angeles Los Angeles County Alex Rosas Gary Gareza Mayor's Office of Economic Development L.A. County Community Development 200 North Main Street Commission City Hall East, 8th Floor 2 Coral Circle Los Angeles, CA 90012 Monterey Park, CA 91755 Voice (213) 847-4418 Voice (323) 890-7192 FAX (213) 847-0893 FAX (323) 890-8575 Napa/Solaro Areas North San Diego County William Rowser Annette Gonzalez C/o Napa County Environmental City of Poway Management Authority Public Services Department 1195 Third Street,Room 101 P.O. Box 789 Napa, CA 94559-3082 Poway, CA 92074-0789 Voice (707)253-4471 Voice (619)679-5403 FAX (707)253-4545 FAX {619}486-9329 San Bernardino/Kaiser OaklandlBerkeley Lee Redmond Mark Beratta Kaiser Resources,Inc. City of Oakland 3633 East Inland Empire Blvd., Suite 850 Office of Economic Development Ontario, CA 91764 250 Ogawa Plaza, 5th Floor Voice (909) 483-8500 Oakland, CA 94612 FAX (909) 944-6605 Voice (510)238-6657 FAX (510) 238-3691 Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation �-• *` California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection •„_' Riverside County Sen Francisco(City and County) Karen Riley Karen Strandoo SCRAP Gallery San Francisco Recycling Program 46350 Arabia Street 1145 Market Street, Suite 401 Indio, CA 92201 San Francisco,CA 94103 Voice (760)863-7777 Voice (415)554-1679 FAX (760) 863 9873 FAX (415) 554-3434 San Diego Santa Barbara Regional Ken Prue Rory Lang City of San Diego Public Works Department Environmental Services Department Solid Waste and Utility Division 9601 Ridgehaven Court, Suite 320 109 East Victoria Street San Diego,CA 92123-1636 Santa Barbara, CA 93101 Voice (619)492-5010 Voice (805)882-3615 FAX (619)492-5089 FAX (805) 882-3601 San lose S0n0ma1Nend0cin01Lake Counties David Krueger Chuck Doty City of San Jose 4615 Work Right Circle, Suite B Environmental Services Department Lakeport,CA 95453 777 North First Street, Suite 450 Voice (707)262-1090 San Jose,CA 95112 FAX (707)262-1092 Voice (408)277-5533 FAX (408)277-3606 Ventura County David Goldstein Santa Clarita Solid Waste Management Department David Peterson 800 South Victoria Avenue,L##1650 City of Santa Clarita Ventura,CA 93009-1650 23920 Valencia Boulevard, Suite 300 Voice (805)648-9242 Santa Clarita,CA 91355 FAX (805)648-9233 Voice (805)284-1411 FAX (805)255-4356 Southern Alameda County David Huerta City of Fremont P.O. Box 5006 Fremont,CA 94537-5006 Voice (510)494-4737 FAX (510)494-4752 Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection_` . Attachment E OF TREE NOTES CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND FIRE PROTECTION D Pete Wilson Richard A.Nilson Douglas Wheeler Governor Director Secretary for Resources State of California The Resources Agency NUMBER: 20 July 1995 Current Status of Pitch Canker Disuse in California Paul Imo.Dallara,Andrew J.Storer,Thomas R Gordon,and David L.Wood Department of Environmental Science,Policy and Management,Division of Environmental Biology, 281 Wellman Hall,University of California,Berkeley 94720. INTRODUCTION TREE SPECIES AFFECTED BY Pitch canker is a disease of conifers caused by the PITCH CANKER fungus Fusarium subglutinans f, sp.pini. The fungus, Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) and Bishop pine (P. which apparently was introduced into California, muricata) are the tree species most commonly infected initially infects branch tips, causing needle wilt and tip in California. The fungus has been isolated from other death. Resinous cankers result from infection of the conifers in California, and seedlings of additional tree bole (trunk), limbs, cones, and roots. Death of the tree species have been tested for susceptibility under or its top may result from secondary attack by bark greenhouse conditions. (Table l). beetles. Bark, twig, and cone beetles are implicated as vectors (carriers) of this pathogen. Table 1. Tree species found Infected with the pitch canker fungus In nature, and species resistant or susceptible In greenhouse teats. Natally Infected aRecies: Native to California Aleppo pine Pinus hatepensis Bishop pine P. muricate x Canary Island pine P. canariensis Coulter pine P. coulterl x Bigger (gray) pine P. sabinlena x Italian stone pine P. pinea Knobcone pine P. attenuate x Monterey pine P. radiata x Monterey x knobcone pine P. radiata x attenuate x Ponderosa pine P. ponderosa x Shore pine P. contorta x Torrey pine P. torreyana x Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesll x Soecies su ceotibie In greenhg sue seedling tests Eldarica pine Pinus etdarlca Jeffrey pine P. Jel'freyi x Mugo pine P. mu,go Soots pine P. sylvestris Sugar pine P. lambertlana x Species resistant in gree house seedling tests Brutla pine Pinus brutle White fir Abies concclor x Coast redwood Sequela sempervlrens x Giant sequoia Sequoladendron giganteum x Incense-cedar Calocedrus decurrens x Norfolk Island pine Araucarte exceisa DISTRIBUTION OF PITCH SYMPTOMS OF PITCH CANKER IN CALIFORNIA CANKER DISEASE Pitch canker epidemics in ornamental plantings of Infected trees may exhibit a number of disease Monterey pine occur in Alameda, Santa Cruz, and symptoms, but not all symptoms will necessarily be northern Monterey and San Luis Obispo counties(Map present on an individual tree. The first indication of 1). Smaller numbers of infected trees have been found infection on pines is usually the wilting and fading of in Sonoma, Contra Costa, San Francisco, San Mateo, needles on previously vigorous, unshaded branch tips, Santa Clara, Santa Barbara, and Los Angeles counties. with resin exudation from the infection site. Foliage Infected Christmas trees have been found in San Mateo, becomes yellow, then red, and falls from the branch. Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego counties. This produces dieback that is often striking, with loss of all needles between the branch tips and the most Pitch canker infections in the native populations of recent branch and cone whorls. Pine cones abort before Monterey pine at Point ARo Nuevo and the Monterey or after reaching full size, and typically remain closed Peninsula were initially found in 1992. At both on infected whorls. Removal of bark from infected locations, the number of diseased trees has increased areas, or cankers, reveals honey-colored wood that is rapidly. The disease was reported in a native Monterey soaked with resin. Bole cankers are slightly sunken, up pine stand at Cambria in 1994. The two Mexican island to approximately eight inches in diameter, and usually native populations have not been assessed for pitch appear after branch dieback has occurred. Crystallized, canker. A small number of infected trees has been white resin produced by bole cankers often coats lower found in native Bishop pine stands in southern limbs and several feet of bark below the infection. Mendocino County. Infections of Douglas-fir are characterized by tip dieback without copious resin exudation; Map 1:Areas of localized and widespread callous tissue may form at infection sites. pitch canker infection in California. In Monterey pine Christmas trees, resinous cankers are produced at the root crown; the entire tree subsequently wilts and dies. ' Christmas tree branch infections will ` Key: occasionally occur in the absence of root ♦ Localized areas of infection crown cankers. Tree death does not follow as me Widespread areas of infection rapidly in these cases. Pitch canker symptoms may appear at any time of year, but initial symptoms in mature trees — � are most commonly observed in spring and "M°ae" summer. Symptoms have been observed in all j o_ age classes of trees. Bark beetle galleries are commonly associated with diseased plant WPA 1 tissues. CONDITIONS THAT CAN BE MISTAKEN FOR PITCH CANKER ""'"T° a �' .-'t %�°�_ _. A number of insects, disease organisms, and ""°'"""° C"s"°"" °' environmental conditions cause symptoms that may be r„•.�'" `�.�--'� J _ confused with pitch canker (Table 2). Positive diagnosis �'"TO`\ '"om requires laboratory isolation and culture of the pitch � canker fungus from symptomatic tree tissues. .7------- PITCH CANKER FUNGUS con"`�° � � TRANSMISSION N Insect-caused wounds appear to be required as • ♦,. ,, l infection courts for the pitch canker fungus. Many insects are capable of causing wounds ac e w eo so �yGy r,+r ! and some have been shown to transmit the scale in Wiles BMW """'°' pitch canker fungus. Insect vector studies th -----T"'—" �r continue to focus on bark and cone inhabiting m • beetles that are known to carry this pathogen. ` f (Table 3.) Table 2. Comparison of pitch canker symptoms with other conditions of Monterey pine. KeyN N � N N C1 m 'p Q5 N X: symptom usually occurs o m _ w 6 r O: symptom occasionally m v a occurs � m c c a 3 m a~ C E Y to >_ 5. GS V 3 cn Pitch canker fungus X X 0 X X Western gall rust X 0 0 X Dwarf mistletoe 0 0 X Monterey pine scale X X Pitch moth 0 X Monterey pine tip moth X Weevils X Red turpentine bootie X Ips bark booties 0 0 0 Cone booties X X Twig booties 0 X X 0 Tree pruning or wounding X 0 Salt and wind dieback X X Shade suppressed branches 0 X 0 Sliver-spatted tiger moth X X Adult twig (Piryophthorus spp.) and cone Table 3. Bark and cone bootie species from (Conophthorus radiatae) beetles may inoculate trees which pitch canker fungus has been Isolated. when they excavate feeding and egg galleries in twig bark and cone tissues. Lasconotus pertenuis and Monterey pine engraver Ips mexicanus Ernobius punctulatus adults enter these existing galleries and may transfer fungal inoculum (e.g. spores) Four-spinel engraver I, plasrographus to cone or twig beetles or infect tree tissues directly. California five-spinel ips 1. paraconfusus Engraver beetles (1ps species) have been shown to Monterey pine cone beetle Conophthorus radiatae cause infections on tree boles by their tunneling activities. Most of these beetle species commonly 'Twig beetles Pityophthorus carmeli inhabit recently fallen tree material as well as live P. pulchellus tuberculatus trees. Many utilize more than one host tree species and P. nitidulus have wide geographic ranges, dispersal of inoculum-carrying insects may result in the appearance P. serosus of pitch canker disease in new locations. We are Cylindrical bark beetles Lasconotus pertenuis investigating the host preferences, distribution, and vector biology of many of these insects. L. nuclearus Dry twig and cone beetle Ernobius punctulatus Seeds coats of Monterey pine have been found to carry the pitch canker fungus. Germination of inoculum- carrying seeds has yielded infected seedlings. Monterey pine appears to be resistant to the disease, no resistant varieties of seedlings are available for DISEASE MANAGEMENT planting at the present time. Disease management is currently limited to control of inoculum, reduction of No effective control of pitch canker, using either vector breeding material, and restricted planting of chemical or biological agents, is currently available. susceptible tree species. Although a small proportion of landscape-planted / �J r Inoculum and vector control includes the removal and FUTURE IMPLICATIONS disposal of infected trees and restriction of movement of diseased firewood, pruning to remove infected tips The potential for the spread of the pitch canker fungus will usually not eliminate the disease. However, if a is significant considering the susceptibility of most lightly infected tree is relatively isolated from other pine species and the efficiency of the associated insects diseased trees, removal of infected tips may slow the in finding suitable host material. Native Monterey pine development of a new disease center. Sterilization of and Bishop pine stands are now at risk, as are pruning tools with Lysoltm or household bleach should landscape plantings of these and numerous other be performed before and after pruning operations. conifers. Infected or uninfected prunings and cut branches, and infected trees may contain or become infested with Insects that feed and breed on more than one tree insects (primarily bark-inhabiting beetles) that carry species present the threat of infecting previously the pathogen. To reduce the risk of further infection, unaffected tree species. The appearance of pitch canker this material should be chipped and spread or burned in in ornamental plantings of Douglas-fir and ponderosa place; chips should be spread in a thin layer to allow pine has raised concern that native and commercial rapid drying. It is not recommended that logs and stands of these species in nearby coastal forests and the firewood cut in infested areas be moved from the Sierra Nevada may become impacted by this disease. region of origin. Native and landscape stands of these and other conifers in central coastal California are being monitored for Seed collection is not recommended in areas where symptoms of pitch canker. pitch canker is present. Nurseries should burn infected - seedlings. The restricted native ranges of Monterey pine, Torrey pine, and Bishop pine heightens concern for the effect Planting of susceptible tree species in areas with of pitch canker on these populations. Monterey pine is current pitch canker infections is likely to result in new the most widely planted timber species in the world, infections. Such plantings should especially be avoided and California's native populations represent a global in the vicinity of native populations of Monterey, resource for breeding programs. Pitch canker has the Bishop, shore, and Torrey pines, as these species have potential to reduce the genetic diversity of these very limited native geographic distributions. New species and the integrity of their native stands. plantings of Monterey pine risk development of pitch canker infection throughout California; consequently �+Vrrlri, READING: plantings are not recommended at this time. Research is underway to find disease-resistant varieties Storer A. J., T. R. Gordon, D. L. Wood, and P. L. of Monterey pine. Dallara. 1995. Pitch Canker in California. California Department of Forestry and Fire It is important that the occurrence of pitch canker in Protection, California Forestry Note #1101. new areas be reported to county farm advisors or the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Tree species, locations, numbers of symptomatic branches present on trees, and number of symptomatic We thank David H. Adams, Jack P. Marshall, and trees in the area should be indicated. Donald R. Owen of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection for providing reviews of this manuscript. Jess*Rios: Editor CDF Forest Pest Management(916)653-9476 t r+ /3 A TTACHNENT F RESOURCES Capturing, Milling, and Processing Lumber Timber Harvest Magazine/Timber Processing Magazine (800) 665-5631 Logging and Sawmill Journal (604)990-9970 Southern Lumberman Magazine (615)791-1961 The Sawmill Exchange www.sawmill-exchange.com Forest Products Equipment www.forestproductsequip.com Hauling, Recycling, and Composting California Integrated Waste Management Board Organics and Resource Efficiency (916)255-2490 www.ciwmb.ca.gov BioCycle Journal of Composting and Recycling (610)9674135 Global Recycling Network http://gm.com Recycler's World www.recycle.net/recycle Compost and disease Suppression Karin Grobe,"It's a New Era For Farm Compost",BioCycle Magazine, May 1997. Gary Gardner, "Recycling Organic Waste: From Urban Pollutant to Farm Resource", World Watch Paper 135,World Watch Institute, August 1997. (508) 750-8400 Hoitink, Stone, and Man, "Supression of Plant Diseases by Composts", Hortscience, Vol.32(2) April 1997 Wood Chips McNee, Wood, Storer, and Gordon, "Insect and pathogen survival in Monterey pine material infected with Fusarium subglutinans f.sp.pini, the causal aagent of Pitch Canker Disease" Contact Tom Gordon,Department of Plant Pathology,University of California,Davis at (530) 754-9893. 'Jim Glenn, "A Residuals Market Grows, Chip by Chip",BioCycle Journal of Composting and Recycling,May 1997. WCI FiberTech Products,LLC (615) 230-7588 ";/7 /C? / ,,,�-.��`r.�c��.,il I,,C7 �C�.+'c.{t �� ;. •�'�- � 9" F �. yr �..-......•.. .. 9 � � f -�+,,i� s � � �,< 4...SE +� ...�$ � �:. ._ � r �. :� . �:; �,�„ �, c.> p � � `� � ,,. ,4' si. 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