HomeMy WebLinkAboutMINUTES - 04161985 - 2.7 2.7
The Board of Supervisors of Contra Costa County, California
Adopted this Order on'_April 16, 1985 by the following vote: .
AYES: Supervisors Powers, Schroder, McPeak, Todakson, Fanden
NOES: None
ABSENT: None
ABSTAIN: None
SUBJECT: Report on Pacific Thermonetics, Inc.
A. A. Dehaesus, Director, Community Development Department, appeared before the Board this day
and reported on the status of the proposal of Pacific Thermonetics, Inc.,to construct a 230 megawatt power
plant at the site of the C&H Sugar plant in Crockett.
The following persons spoke on the pros and cons of the proposal, impact on the community, potential
loss of real estate values, potential loss of the bucolic atmosphere of the Town of Crockett with the
construction of the power plant, and the.need for a public hearing on this matter:
Alan Brasesco, Crockett Improvement Association, 342 Edwards Street, Crockett;
Theodora Robertson, Crockett Improvement Association, 885 Loring Avenue, Crockett;
Richard Pagni; Crockett Improvement Association, 385 Winslow, Crockett;
Jim Samis, Pacific Thermonetics, Inc., 1000 EI Camino Real, Suite 220, Menlo Park, CA 94025;
Bernard J. Sheehan, Crockett Committee Opposed to the Power Plant, 635 Alhambra, Crockett;
Ruth Beakeney, Crockett Improvement Association and Crockett Power Plant Committee,
549 Loring Avenue, Crockett;
Stephen J. Nelson, Crockett Power Plant Committee, 475 Edwards Street, Crockett; and
Neil L. Pennington, C& H Sugar Co., 830 Loring Avenue, Crockett.
All persons desiring to speak were heard. Board members considered the testimony presented this
day and were in agreement of the need for a public hearing on this matter.
THEREFORE, IT IS BY THE BOARD ORDERED that May 14, 1985, 3:30 p.m., in the Board
Chambers is FIXED as the date for the public hearing on the Pacific Thermonetics proposal.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Director of the Community Development Department is
REQUES TT,ED to coordinate and review with other appropriate County Departments the proposed Pacific
Thermonetics application and report to the Board, either on or prior to the May 14 hearing on options available
to the County, particularly as it affects the County General Plan.
I hereby certify that this is a true and correct copy of
an action taken and entered on the minutes of the
Board of Supervisors on the date shown.
ATTESTED: l
J.R.OLSSON,County Clerk and
Ex Officio--Clerk of the Board
Deputy Clerk
CC: Director,CDD
County Counsel
County Administrator
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;AGENDA DATE ITEM N0, �•
BACKGROUND NOT AVAILABLE AT
THE TIME AGENDA PACKET COMPILED
INFORMATION FOR THIS ITEM PREVIOUSLY
FURNISHED
ORAL REPORT TO BE GIVEN AT BOARD MEETING
ERROR IN NUMBERING AGENDA ITEM
DELETED
DOCUMENTS ON FILE WITH
CLERK
GEORGE MILLER 1,/Gn/ /�/7 DISTRICT OFFICES:
� 7TH DISTRICT,CALIFORNIA '1 1 l 367 Civic DRIVE
��— PLEASANT Hao CA 94523
2228 RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING (416)687-3260
WASHINGTON,OC 20516 //y/yy�yyyy , ` ROBERT T HUGHES
(HN A.LAWRENCE
Conareoz of the Wniteb *tater DISTRICT ADMINISTRATOR
JOHN A.LAWRENCE "�iillii p ``j,v L(,
ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT
douse of Reprezentatibeg 4 ALVP.O.Bozx 27)SQUARE
P.O.B
CHAIRMAN,SELECT COMMITTEE ON SAN PABLO,CA 94808
CHILDREN,YOUTH AND FAMILIES �aS�InQ�Cri, �� AOG�G (416)231-6791
COMMITTEE ON INTERIOR AND INSULAR AFFAIRS L J 5 (415)2 CITY HALL
CHAIRMAN,SUBCOMMITTEE ON WATER AND POWER ANTIOP.O.Box 130
COMMITTEE ON THE BUDGET ANTIOCH,CA 94509(415)778-3377
COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND LABOR
TTY(202)225-1904
April 15, 1985
MEMORANDUM
TO: GEORGE MILLER
FR:°TIM OUTMAN
SUBJECT: APPLICATION FOR CERTIFICATION FOR THE CROCKETT COGENERATION
PROJECT
The intention of this memo is to provide you with an update on Pacific
Thermonetics , Inc. Application for Certification (AFC) for a 220 megawatt
cogeneration/power plant at the site of the C&H sugar plant in Crockett.
While this project is now being reviewed by the California Energy Commission
there are numerous issues that involve the county and federal governments
as well as the state's CEC. It is therefore appropriate at this time
to enumerate some of the key concerns associated with this project. The
community of Crockett has been extremely involved in the process . The
Crockett Chamber of Commerce and the Crockett Improvement Association
have publicly opposed this project. There have been two public meetings
in Crockett to discuss the project and to raise the concerns that the
community has for such a project. The most recent was held on April 11 ,
as part of the CEC's "Informational Hearing and Site Visit". The primary
issues involved are as follows:
LOCAL ZONING
On April 3, 1984 the Board of Supervisors adopted the County General Plan.
While recognizing the "industrial use" of the C&H property for the proposed
site with the adjacent land designated as Retail Business and- Multiple
Family Residential the county utilized Loring Avenue as the separator
of land uses. It is important to note that. there was the intent to protect
the residential area form incompatible heavy industrial uses while allowing
C&H to use the lands for related purposes such as parking and storage.
Of great concern is that nowhere in the state of California is there a
power plant of this magnitude proposed or in operation so close to a
residential community according to the GEC's public advisor. If this
were allowed it would set a precedent that is inconsistent with the
legislative intent on both state and federal levels which were designed
to encourage the construction of cogeneration power plants.
.The concept of cogeneration is not being challenged here. What is at
issue is the size and location.
0
CROCKETT COGENERATION, Cont.
CEC's ENERGY NEEDS
The California Energy Commission has projected that the total anticipated
New Generating Capacity between the years of 1981 and 1994 to be 9122 MW
The CEC need forcast for the same time is 6287 MW leaving a surplus of 2835 MW.
The CEC can take into consideration new projects .that utilize natural gas for
preferred status.
C&H has a legitimate need for increased energy production and those needs
must be addressed fully. However, under the Noitce Of Intent (NOI) in this
procedure they are not requires to propose alternatives for obtaining the
energy that they need.
WASTE WATER DISPOSAL
The amount of water that wouls be required for the operation of such a large
facility would 2.5 million gallons of water per day and 3.1 million during
peak periods. The amount of water that would be discharged into the Carquinez
Straights would be 390,000 gallons per day or 450,000 gallons when combined
with C&H. The cleaning substance to be used is ELIMINOX which is toxic.
The affect of this on the fish in this crucial area of the Bay and Delta
should be closely examined. by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The temperatures
of such discharge could have an adverse impact on the fishing industry.
AIR QUALITY
There are yet many unanswered questions to the affect a 220 megawatt power
plant would have on a residential . comminity. And while this is the appropriate
concern of the CEC it also may involve federal statutes , many of which you
wrote in the Clean Air Act. Because the proposed plant would have the
option to burn a low suffer oil for up to 1300 hours a year (54 days) there
would be an exposure to the community of Beryllium, which is a fine dust having
adverse affects on lungs , skin, etc. Subjecting a residential community
that is already plagued with a higher incident of cancer as well as other
respiratory diseases should be avoided. There is also adverse affects of
the proposed cooling towers which colonizes a bacteria responsible for
Legionnairs Disease. The major epidemics of .Legionnaires Disease have been -
associated with the inhalation of aersols from cooling towers which have been
colon.ized by the bacteria identified as L. pneumophila.
INCONSISTANT USE OF-PORT COSTA SHORELINE PARK
While the Board of Supervisors has set forth the exciting creation of parkland
in this region , the nature of the cogeneration plant would create power lines
if 115 KV that would go through the town of Crockett and out to the proposed park
area.. To allow for this development may well be inconsistent with the benefits
of the park.
EMPLOYMENT
While ther+ould be a.n increase of employment during the construction stages
the development of the plant would have a net loss of jobs for the industry
between 8 to 14 workers.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
While C&H proposes to use one-third of the power generated they will be consuming
five times the'amount of gas currently used by C&H. Clearly the intention
is to sell the remaining electricity to PG&E. So what we face here is a
hidden subsidy: five times the gas to produce three time the energy. This
cost will be indirectly passed on to the rate payers.
NOISE
While there are assurances that the level of noise would not exceed 60 db
or the current operating noise level the significant point here is that
this proposed palnt would be operating 350 day per year. The C&H refinery
is presently on a 10 on, 4 day off system.
FEDERAL STAUTES
Reference to some of thes have already been made. However, the federal
government will be involved on issues of the Fuel Use Act and Public Utilities
Regualtory Policy Act. While PURPA takes into account the economic stability
of the facility, we should involve the Department of Energy in close
attention to Fuel Use. (I will be providing more information on this issue. )
A major concern here is the transportation of hazardous materials through
Crockett.
COST
The proposed capital investment in this project is between $100,000,000 and
$155,000,000.
While it is important to encourage cogeneration and the economic viability
of C&H the above mentioned points of concern would suggest that alternatives
should be explored and the present proposal be terminated as inconsistent
with the County's General Plan.
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tt f 1
Water Pollution
heat-stable enterotoxin was recovered from most ill passengers. the survival of L.pneumophila in aerosols under various hu-
Clinical findings were similar to that caused by enterotoxigenic midity conditions.
E. coli that produce only heat-stable enterotoxin or that pro- Nontuberculous mycobacteria have been isolated from var-
duce heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins. Epidemiologic ious aquatic environments in southeastern U. S." More or-
investigation could not specifically define the.mode.of trans- ganisms were recovered from fresh waters than from marine
mission,but the association between drinking water and illness waters suggesting that marine water may not be the primary
suggested that the water was a possible source of infection. origin of these pathogens. Field experiments have confirmed
Residual free chlorine was found in the water system at the a natural mechanism for the transfer of significant numbers
time of inspection,but contamination of the water supply ear- of mycobacteria from water to air by aerosols.Nontuberculous
lier in the cruise could not be ruled out. mycobacteria biochemically similar to those recovered from
humans were isolated from rainwater and river water and their
MISCELLANEOUS aerosols in Richmond,Va.These data-supported the hypothesis
that aerosolization of these potential pathogens may be an
Doutre and ToureJO reported an outbreak of waterborne type important pathway for human infection in the southeast.)°
D botulism in Senegal.Aldova et al." isolated Yersinia pseu-
dotuberculosis serotype II from a sample of untreated well REFERENCES
water in Czechoslavakia;it was reported to occur rarely as the
1. Craun,G.F.,"Waterborne Outbreaks in the United States,147 t-
etiologic agent of human and animal infection. EdungbolaS2
discussed the importance of a reliable,available supply of 1978."Amer. Water Works Assn. 1980 Annual Conference Pro-
1 drinking water in preventing waterborne infectious disease in Haley,
Denver,Colo. (19rea
2. Haley, C. E., et a/., "Outbreaks of Waterborne Disease in the
Nigeria. United States, 1978:"Jour. Inf. Diseases, 141,794(1980).
Intermittent or constant fever and respiratory illness"were 3. Craun,G. F.,"Disease Outbreaks Caused by Drinking Water.".
reported among more than half the adult population in an area Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed., 52, 1833 (1980).
near Tampere, Finland, from August to December 1978. 4. Craun, G. F.,"Disease Outbreaks Caused by Drinking Water."
Symptoms included cough,dyspnoea,chills,fever,headaches, Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed.,51, 1751 (1979).
muscle pain,and aching of joints and appeared to be associated 5. Craun, G. F.,"Disease Outbreaks Caused by Drinking Water."
with exposure to vapor from tap water during bathing and Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed., 50, 1362 (1978). .
washing dishes. The etiologic agent could not be specifically 6. Blaser M.J.,"Campylobacter fetus Subspecies jejuni:The Need
identified; however, endotoxin concentrations produced by for Surveillance."Jour. Inf. Diseases, 141,670(1980).
blue-green algae were high in both the lake water source and 7. Blaser, M.G.,er al.,"Reservoirs for Human Campylobacterio-
sos."Jour. Inf. Diseases, 141,665 (1980).
tap water and were reported to be a possible cause. Neither 8. Hooper, R. R. and Busted, S. R., "A Shipboard Outbreak of
massive chlorination of the water nor changing the sand filter Gastroenteritis:Toxins in the Drinking Water."Milit.Med., 144,
had any effect,but the symptoms disappeared after the source 804 (1979).
of the water supply was changed. This outbreak of"bathing 9. Hoffman,R.,et al.,"Acute Fluoride Poisoning in a New Mexico
fever"was similar to one previously reported in Sweden,'and Elementary School."Pediatrics, 65,897 (1980).
Aro et al." indicated that "bathing fever" may be unique to 10. Leland, D. E., et al., "A Fluoride Overfeed Incident at Harbor
the Scandinavian climate. Springs,Mich."Jour.Amer. Water Works Assn.,72,238(1980).
The importance of aerosols in transmission of disease was
11. Center for Disease Control,Morb.and Mori. Wkly.Rpt..29,134
(1980).
illustrated by several recent outbreaks in the U. S. Ganier et
12. Durosev, D., "Toxic Methemoglobinemia in Newborns and In-
al."reported symptoms consistent with hypersensitivity pneu- fants.".Bill. Hematol. Transfuz. (Yug.),7, 51 (1979).
monitis in 26 persons working in an area of a large factory 13. Swiatkowska,A.,"Nitrate Poisoning in Infants."Pol. Tyg. G
t served by a single heating unit with a-water humidification (Pol.),35, 1035 (1980).
system. The illness consisted of flu-like symptoms with fever, 14. Lema, O., er al., "Survival of EI Tor Cholera Vibrio in Lo
chills, headache, and cough, and did not recur during a one- Water Sources and Beverages in Tanzania." East Afr. M
year follow-up period after removal of the humidifier. A com- Jour., 56, 504 (1979).
mon-source outbreak"in which the source and airborne trans- 15. Issoufa, H.,et al.,"Epidemiologic Study of Dracunculosis in
mission of Legionella pneumophila were identified occurred Podokwos of the Mandara Mountains (Northern Cameroor
in a hospital in Memphis, Tenn., in 1978. The onset of casesBull.Soc. Pathol. Exot. Fi/iales,72, 135 (1979).
16. "Giardiasis and Water." Lancet (G. B.), 1, 1176 (1980).
correlated with the use of an auxiliary air-conditioning cooling 17: Center for Disease Control,Morb. & Mort. wkly. Rpt. 29,
tower. There was an association with acquisition of disease (1980),
and prior hospitalization in areas receiving air from intakes 18. Lopez,C. E.,et al.,"Waterborne Giardiasis:A Communityv
near the auxiliary cooling tower. Tracer-smoke studies indi- Outbreak of Disease and a High Rate of Asymptomatic In
cated that contaminated aerosols from the cooling tower could tion."Amer.Jour. Epidemiol., 112,495 (1980).
easily reach the air intakes.L.pneumpohila was isolated from 19. Dykes,A.C.,et a/.,"Municipal Waterborne Giardiasis:An Ep-
{ water in the cooling tower.Another outbreak36 of legionnaires' idemic Investigation.Beavers Implicated as a Possible Reservoir."
disease felt to be caused by the airborne dissemination of L. Ann. Intern. Med., 92, 165 (1980).
pneumphila occurred at an Atlanta,Ga.,country club in 1978. 20. Jarroll, E. L.,et'al.,"Giardia Cyst Destruction Effectiveness of
Golfing activity during the likely exposure period was asso- Six Small--Quantity Water Disinfection Methods."Amer.lour.
ciated with the illness,and L.pneumophila was isolated from. Trop. Med. Hyg., 8 (1980).
21. Jokipii,L.and Jokipiipii,A.M.M.,"Is Predisposition to Giardiasis
water used in the evaporative condenser at the clubhouse.Air Associated with the ABO Blood Groups?" Amer. Jour. Trop.
blowing from the exhaust duct of the condenser was directed Med. Hyg., 29,5 (1980).
toward a practice green-and two tees. Berendt" reported on 22. Rosenberg,M. L.,ei al.,"The Risk of Acquiring Hepatitis from
June 1981 1137
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e ,
r. Water Pollution
heat-stable enterotoxin was recovered from most ill passengers. the survival of L. pneumophila in aerosols•under various hu-
Clinical findings were similar to that caused by enterotoxigenic midity conditions.
E. coli that produce only heat-stable enterotoxin or that pro- Nontuberculous mycobacteria have been isolated from var-
duce heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins. Epidemiologic ious aquatic environments in southeastern U. S." More or-
investigation could not specifically define the mode of trans- ganisms were recovered from fresh waters than from marine
mission,but the association between drinking water and illness waters suggesting that marine water may not be the primary
suggested that the water was a possible source of infection. origin of these pathogens. Field experiments have confirmed
Residual free chlorine was found in the water system at the a natural mechanism for the transfer of significant numbers
time of inspection,but contamination of the water,supply ear- of mycobacteria from water to air by aerosols.Nontuberculous
lier in the cruise could not be ruled out. mycobacteria biochemically similar to those recovered from
humans were isolated from rainwater and river water and thcir
I MISCELLANEOUS aerosols in Richmond,Va.These data supported the hypothesis
that aerosolization of these potential pathogens may be an
Doutre and Tourc"reported an outbreak of waterborne type important pathway for human infection in the southeast.)°
D botulism in Senegal. Aldova et al." isolated Yersinia pseu-
dotuberculosis serotype II from a sample of untreated well REFERENCES
i water in Czechoslavakia;it was reported to occur rarely as the
! etiologic agent of human and animal infection. EdungbolaJ2 1. Craun,G.F.,"Waterborne Outbreaks in the United States,197 1.-
Pro-
-discussed the importance of a reliable, available supply of ceed1978."Amer. Water Works Assn. 1980 Annual Conference Pro-
drinking water in preventing waterborne infectious disease in Haley,
Denver,Colo."Outbreaks-of
2. Haley, C. E., et al., "Outbreaks•of Waterborne Disease in the
Nigeria. United States, 1978."'Jour. Inf. Diseases, 141,794(1980).
i Intermittent or constant fever and respiratory illness"were 3. Craun,G. F.,"Disease Outbreaks Caused by Drinking Water."
reported among more than half the adult population in an area Jour. Water Poll.Control Fed., 52, 1833 (1980).
near Tampere, Finland, from August to December 1978. 4. Craun, G. F.,"Disease Outbreaks Caused by Drinking Water."
Symptoms included cough,dyspnoea,chills, fever,headaches, Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed., 51, 1751 (1979).
muscle pain,and aching of joints and appeared to be associated 5. Craun,G. F.,"Disease Outbreaks Caused by Drinking Water."
with exposure to vapor from tap water during bathing and
Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed., 50, 1362 (1978). .
washing dishes. The etiologic agent could not be specifically
6. Blaser M.J.,"Campylobacter fetus Subspecies jejuni:The Need
' identified; however, endotoxin concentrations produced by for Surveillance."Jour. Inf. Diseases, 141,670(1980).
7. Blaser, M. G.,et al., "Reservoirs for Human Campylobacterio-
blue-green algae were high in both the lake water source and sos."Jour. Inf. Diseases, 141,665 (1980).
tap water and were reported to be a possible cause. Neither g. Hooper, R. R. and Husted, S. R., "A Shipboard Outbreak of
massive chlorination of the water nor changing the sand filter Gastroenteritis:Toxins in the Drinking Water."Milit.Med..144,
had any effect,but the symptoms disappeared after the source 804 (1979).
of the water supply was changed. This outbreak of"bathing 9. Hoffman,R.,et al.,"Acute Fluoride Poisoning in a New Mexico
fever"was similar to one previously reported in Sweden,5 and Elementary School." Pediatrics, 65,897 (1980).
Aro et al." indicated that "bathing fever" may be unique to 10. Leland, D. E., et al., "A Fluoride Overfeed Incident at Harbor
the Scandinavian climate. Springs,Mich."Jour.Amer. Water Works Assn.,72,238(1980).
The importance of aerosols in transmission of disease was 11. Center for Disease Control,Morb.and Mort. Wkly.Rpt.,29,134
(1980).
illustrated by several recent outbreaks in the U. S. Ganier et 12, Durosev, D., "Toxic Methemoglobinemia in Newborns and In-
al.31 reported symptoms consistent with hypersensitivity pneu- fants.":Bill. Hematol. Transfuz. (Yug.),7, 51 (1979).
j monitis in 26 persons working in an area of a large factory 13. Swiatkowska,A.,"Nitrate Poisoning in Infants."Pol. Tyg.L
served by a single heating unit with a-water humidification (Pol.),35, 1035 (1980).
system. The illness consisted of flu-like symptoms with fever, 14. Lema, O., et al., "Survival of El Tor Cholera Vibrio in Lo
chills, headache, and cough, and did not recur during a one- Water Sources and Beverages in Tanzania." East Aft. M
1 year follow-up period after removal of the humidifier.A com- Jour.. 56, 504 (1979). '
mon-source outbreak35 in which the source and airborne trans- 15. Issoufa, H.,et al.,"Epidemiologic Study of Dracunculosis in
mission of Legionella pneumophila were identified occurred Podokwos of the Mandara Mountains (Northern Cameroor
in a hospital in Memphis, Tenn., in 1978. The onset of cases Bull.Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiales, 72, 135 (1979).
I6. "Giardiasis and Water." Lancer (G. B.), 1, 1176(1980).
correlated with the use of an auxiliary air-conditioning cooling 17. Center for Disease Control, Morb. & Mort. Wkly. Rpt. 29,
tower. There was an association with acquisition of disease (1980).
and prior hospitalization in areas receiving air from intakes 18. Lopez,C. E.,et al.,"Waterborne Giardiasis:A Communityv
I near the auxiliary cooling tower. Tracer-smoke studies indi- Outbreak of Disease and a High Rate of Asymptomatic In
cated that contaminated aerosols from the cooling tower could tion."Amer.Jour. Epidemiol., 112,495 (1980).
easily reach the air intakes.L.pneumpohila was isolated from 19. Dykes,A.C.,et al.,"Municipal waterborne Giardiasis:An Ep-
i water in the cooling tower.Another outbreak36 of legionnaires' idemic Investigation.Beavers Implicated as a Possible Reservoir."
$ disease felt to be caused by the airborne dissemination of L. Ann. Intern. Med.. 92, 165 (1980).
pneumphila occurred at an Atlanta,Ga.,country club in 1978. 20. Jarr011, E. L.,et al.,"Giardia Cyst Destruction Effectiveness of
Golfing activity during the likely exposure period was asso- Six Small--Quantity Water Disinfection Methods."Amer.Jour.
Trop. Med. Hyg., 29,8 (1980).
ciated with the illness,and L.pneumophila was isolated from 21. Jokipii,L.and Jokipii,A.M.M.,"Is Predisposition to Giardiasis
water used in the evaporative condenser at the clubhouse.Air Associated with the ABO Blood Groups?" Amer. lour. Trop.
blowing from the exhaust duct of the condenser was directed Med. Hyg.. 29,5 (1980).
toward a practice green and two tees. Berendt" reported on 22. Rosenberg, M. L.,et al.,"The Risk of Acquiring Hepatitis from
June 1981 1137
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Water Pollution
heat-stable enterotoxin was recovered from most ill passengers. the survival of L.pneumophila in aerosols under various hu-
Clinical findings were similar to that caused by enterotoxigenic midity conditions.
E. coli that.produce only heat-stable enterotoxin or that pro- Nontuberculous mycobacteria have been isolated from var-
duce heat,stable and heat-labile enterotoxins. Epidemiologic ious aquatic environments in southeastern U. S.18 More or-
investigation could not specifically define the mode of trans- ganisms were recovered from fresh waters than from marine
mission,but the association between drinking water and illness waters suggesting that marine water may not be the primary
suggested that the water was a possible source of infection. origin of.these pathogens. Field experiments have confirmed
Residual free chlorine was found in the water system at the a natural mechanism for the transfer of significant numbers
time of inspection,but contamination of the water supply ear- of mycobacteria from water to air by aerosols.Nontuberculous
lier in the cruise could not be ruled out. mycobacteria biochemically similar to those recovered from
humans were isolated from rainwater and river water and thcir
MISCELLANEOUS aerosols in Richmond,Va.These data supported the hypothesis
that aerosolization of these potential pathogens may be an
Doutre and Toure"reported an outbreak of waterborne type important pathway for human infection in the southeast.)°
D botulism in Senegal.Aldova et al.31 isolated Yersinia pseu-
dotuberculosis serotype II from a sample of untreated well REFERENCES
water in Czechoslavakia;it was reported to occur rarely as the
etiologic agent of human and animal infection. Edungbola72 1• Craun,G.F.,"Waterborne Outbreaks in the United States,1971-
discussed the importance of a reliable, available supply of 1978."Amer. Water Works Assn. 1980 Annual Conference Pro-
ceedings, Denver,Colo. (1980).
drinking water in preventing waterborne infectious disease in 2. Haley, C. E., et al., "Outbreaks-of Waterborne Disease in the
Nigeria. United States, 1978."'Jour. Inf. Diseases, 141,794(1980).
Intermittent or constant fever and respiratory illness13 were 3. Craun,G. F.,"Disease Outbreaks Caused by Drinking Water."
reported among more than half the adult population in an area Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed., 52, 1833 (1980).
near Tampere, Finland, from August to December 1978. 4. Craun,G. F.,"Disease Outbreaks Caused by Drinking Water."
Symptoms included cough,dyspnoea,chills,fever,headaches, Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed., 51, 1751 (1979).
muscle pain,and aching of joints and appeared to be associated 5. Craun,G. F.,"Disease Outbreaks Caused by Drinking Water."
with exposure to vapor from tap water during bathing and Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed., 50, 1362 (1978). .
washing dishes. The etiologic agent could not be specifically 6. Blaser M.J.,"Campylobacter fetus Subspecies jejuni:The Need
identified; however, endotoxin concentrations produced by for Surveillance."Jour. Inf. Diseases, 141,670 (1980).
blue-green algae were high in both the lake water source and 7• Blaser, M.G., et al.,"Reservoirs for Human sos."Jour. Inf. Diseases, 141,665 (1980).
Campylobacterio-
tap water and were reported to be a possible cause. Neither 8. Hooper, R. R. and Husted, S. R., "A Shipboard Outbreak of
massive chlorination of the water nor changing the sand filter Gastroenteritis:Toxins in the Drinking Water."Milit.Med.,144,
had any effect,but the symptoms disappeared after the source 804 (1979).
of the water supply was changed. This outbreak of"bathing 9. Hoffman,R.,et al.,"Acute Fluoride Poisoning in a New Mexico
fever"was similar to one previously reported in Sweden,'and Elementary School."Pediatrics, 65,897 (1980).
Aro et al.13 indicated that "bathing fever" may be unique to 10. Leland, D. E., et al., "A Fluoride Overfeed Incident at Harbor
the Scandinavian climate. Springs,Mich."Jour.Amer. Water Works Assn.,72,238(1980).
The importance of aerosols in transmission of disease was
11. Center for Disease Control,Morb.and Mort. Wkly.Rpt.,29,134
(1980).
illustrated by several recent outbreaks in the U. S. Ganier et
12. Durosev, D., "Toxic Methemoglobinemia in'Newborns and In-
al.34 reported symptoms consistent with hypersensitivity pneu- fants."_Gilt. Hematol. Transfuz. (Yug.),7, 51 (1979). - •-
monitis in 26 persons working in an area of a large factory 13. Swiatkowska,A.,"Nitrate Poisoning in Infants."Pol. Tyg. U
served by a single heating unit with a-water humidification (Pol.),35, 1035 (1980).
system`The illness consisted of flu-like symptoms with fever, 14. Lema, O., et al., "Survival of El Tor Cholera Vibrio in Lo
chills, headache, and cough, and did not recur during a one- Water Sources and Beverages in Tanzania." East Afr. M
year follow-up period after removal of the humidifier.A corn= Jour.. 56, 504 (1979).
mon-source outbreak35 in which the source and airborne trans- 15. Issoufa, H.,et al.,"Epidemiologic Study of Dracunculosis in
mission of Legionella pneumophila were identified occurred Podokwos of the Mandara Mountains (Northern Cameroor
in a hospital in Memphis, Tenn., in 1978. The onset of cases Bull.Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiales, 72, 135 (1979).
16. "Giardiasis and Water." Lancet (G. B.), 1, 1176 (1980).
correlated with the use of an auxiliary air-conditioning cooling 17. Center for Disease Control, Morb. & Mort. Wkly. Rpt. 29,
tower. There was an association with acquisition of disease (1980).
iand prior hospitalization in areas receiving air from intakes 18. Lopez.C. E.,et al.,"Waterborne Giardiasis:A Communityv
near the auxiliary cooling tower. Tracer-smoke studies indi- Outbreak of Disease and a High Rate of Asymptomatic In
cated that contaminated aerosols from the cooling tower could tion."Amer. Jour. Epidemiol., 112,495 (1980).
easily reach the air intakes.L.pneumpohila was isolated from 19. Dykes,A.C.,et al.,"Municipal Waterborne Giardiasis:An Ep-
water in the cooling tower.Another outbreak36 of legionnaires' idemic Investigation.Beavers Implicated as a Possible Reservoir."
disease felt to be caused by the airborne dissemination of L. Ann. Intern. Med., 92, 165 (1980).
pneumphila occurred at an Atlanta,Ga.,country club in 1978.
20. Jarroll, E. L.,et al.,"Giardia Cyst Destruction Effectiveness of
Golfing activity during the likely exposure period was asso- Six Small--Quantity Water Disinfection Methods."Amer.Jour.
Trop. Med. Hyg., 29,8 (1980).
ciated with the illness,and L.pneumophila was isolated from 21. Jokipii,L.and Jokipii,A:M. M.,"is Predisposition to Giardiasis
water used in the evaporative condenser at the clubhouse.Air Associated with the ABO Blood Groups?" Amer. Jour. Trop.
blowing from the exhaust duct of the condenser was directed Med. Hyg., 29,5 (1980).
toward a practice green and two tees. Berendt37 reported on 22. Rosenberg, M. L.,et al.,"The Risk of Acquiring Hepatitis from
June 1981 1137
i
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Water Pollution
heat-stable enterotoxin was recovered from most ill passengers. the survival of L.pneumophila in aerosols under various hu-
Clinical findings were similar to that caused by enterotoxigenic midity conditions.
E. coli that produce only heat-stable enterotoxin or that pro- Nontuberculous mycobacteria have been isolated from var-
duce heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins. Epidemiologic ious aquatic environments in southeastern U. S.78 More or-
investigation could not specifically define the mode of trans- ganisms were recovered from fresh waters than from marine
mission,but the association between drinking water and illness waters suggesting that marine water may not be the primary
suggested that the water was a possible source of infection. origin of these pathogens. Field experiments have confirmed
Residual free chlorine was found in the water system at the a natural mechanism for the transfer of significant numbers
time of inspection,but contamination of the water supply ear- of mycobacteria from water to air by aerosols.Nontuberculous
lier in the cruise could not be ruled out. mycobacteria biochemically similar to those recovered from
humans were isolated from rainwater and river water and thcir
MISCELLANEOUS aerosols in Richmond,Va.These data supported the hypothesis
that aerosolization of these potential pathogens may be an
Doutre and Toure30 reported an outbreak of waterborne type important pathway for human infection in the southeast.J°
D botulism in Senegal. Aldova ei al." isolated Yersinia pseu-
dotuberculosis serotype II from a sample of untreated well REFERENCES
water in Czechoslavakia;it was reported to occur rarely as the
etiologic agent of human and animal infection. Edungbola32 1. Craun,G.F.,"Waterborne Outbreaks in the United States,1971-
1978."Amer. Water Works Assn. 1980 Annual Conference Pro-
-discussed the importance of a reliable,available supply of ceedings, Denver,Colo. (1980).
drinking water in preventing waterborne infectious disease in 2. Haley, C. E., et al., "Outbreaks-of Waterborne Disease in the
f Nigeria. United States, 1978."'Jour. Inf. Diseases, 141,794(1980).
`{ Intermittent or constant fever and respiratory illness"were 3. Craun, G. F., "Disease Outbreaks Caused by Drinking Water."
reported among more than half the adult population in an area Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed., 52, 1833 (1980).
near Tampere, Finland, from August to December 1978. 4. Craun,G. F.,"Disease Outbreaks Caused by Drinking Water."
Symptoms included cough,dyspnoea,chills,fever,headaches, Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed., 51, 1751 (1979).
` muscle pain,and aching of joints and appeared to be associated 5. Craun,G. F., "Disease Outbreaks Caused by Drinking Water."
! with exposure to vapor from tap water during bathing and Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed., 50, 1362 (1978). .
washing dishes. The etiologic agent could not be specifically 6. Blaser M.J.,"Campylobacter ferus Subspecies jejuni:The Need
identified; however, endotoxin concentrations produced by for Surveillance"Jour. Inf. Diseases, 141,670 (1980).
7
blue-green algae were high in both the lake water source and . Blaser, M. G., et al., "Reservoirs for Human Cam pylobacterio-
sos"Jour. Inf. Diseases, 141,665 (1980).
tap water and were reported to be a possible cause.Neither 8. Hooper, R. R. and Husted, S. R., "A Shipboard Outbreak of
massive chlorination of the water nor changing the sand filter Gastroenteritis:Toxins in the Drinking Water"Milit.Med..144,
had any effect,but the symptoms disappeared after the source 804(1979).
of the water supply was changed. This outbreak of"bathing 9. Hoffman,R.,ei al.,"Acute Fluoride Poisoning in a New Mexico
fever"was similar to one previously reported in Sweden,'and Elementary School."Pediatrics, 65, 897 (1980).
Aro el al." indicated that ".bathing fever" may be unique to 10. Leland, D. E.,et al.,"A Fluoride Overfeed Incident at Harbor
the Scandinavian climate. Springs,Mich."Jour.Amer. Water Works Assn.,72,238(1980).
The importance of aerosols in transmission of disease was 11. Center for Disease Control,Morb.and Mori. Wkly.Rpt.,29,134
(1980).
illustrated by several recent outbreaks in the U. S. Ganier et 12. Durosev, D., "Toxic Methemoglobinemia in Newborns and In-
al.34 reported symptoms consistent with hypersensitivity pneu- fants.".Bilr. Hematol. Transfuz. (Yug.),7,51 (1979). .
monitis in 26 persons working in an area of a large factory 13. Swiatkowska,A.,"Nitrate Poisoning in Infants."Pol: Tyg. G
served by a single heating unit with a-water humidification (Pol.),35, 1035 (1980).
system. The illness consisted of flu-like symptoms with fever, 14. Lema, O., et al., "Survival of El Tor Cholera Vibrio in Lo
chills, headache, and cough, and did not recur during a one- Water Sources and Beverages in Tanzania." East Afr. M
year follow-up period after removal of the humidifier.A com- Jour., 56, 504 (1979).
mon-source outbreak"in which the source and airborne trans- 15. Issoufa, H.,et al.,"Epidemiologic Study of Dracunculosis in
mission of Legionella pneumophila were identified occurred Podokwos of the Mandara Mountains (Northern Cameroor
in a hospitalBull.Soc. Pathol:Exot. Filiales,72, 135 (1979)._in Memphis, Tenn., in 1978. The onset of cases 16. "Giardiasis and Water. Lancet (G. B.), 1, 1176 (1980).
correlated with the use of an auxiliary air-conditioning cooling 17. Center for Disease Control,Morb. & Mort. Wkly. Rpt.29,
tower. There was an association with acquisition of disease (1980)•
and prior hospitalization in areas receiving air from intakes 18. Lopez.C.E.,et al.."Waterborne Giardiasis:A Communityv
near the auxiliary cooling tower. Tracer-smoke studies indi- Outbreak of Disease and a High Rate of Asymptomatic In
Gated that contaminated aerosols from the cooling tower could tion." Amer,Jour. Epidemiol., 112,495 (1980).
easily reach the air intakes.L.pneumpohila was isolated from 19. Dykes,A.C.,et al.,"Municipal Waterborne Giardiasis:An Ep
water in the cooling tower.Another outbreak"of legionnaires' idemic Investigation.Beavers Implicated as a Possible Reservoir."
1 disease felt to be caused by the airborne dissemination of L. Ann. Intern. Med.,92, 165 (1980).
pneumphila occurred at an Atlanta,Ga.,country club in 1978. 20. Jarroll, E. L.,et al.,"Giardia Cyst Destruction Effectiveness of
Golfing activity during the likely exposure period was asso- Six Small--Quantity Water Disinfection Methods."Amer.Jour.
Trop. Med. Hyg.. 29,8 (1980).
ciated with the illness,and L.pneumophila was isolated from 21. Jokipii,L.and Jokipii,A.M. M.,"Is Predisposition to Giardiasis
water used in the evaporative condenser at the clubhouse.Air Associated with the ABO Blood Groups?" Amer. Jour. Trap.
blowing from the exhaust duct of the condenser was directed Med. Hyg., 29,5 (1980).
toward a practice green and two tees. Berendt" reported on 22. Rosenberg,M. L.,et al.,"The Risk of Acquiring Hepatitis from
June 1981 1137
1