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Home My WebLink AboutMINUTES - 10102006 - PR.1 ❑ P2, 1 ❑ D Hidden Challenges ❑ A report in a series examining the status ofAPl youth in West Contra Costa County, California D D Volume 1: Juvenile Justice and Education Issues Affecting ❑ Asian and Pacific Islander (API) Youth in Richmond, California D D D ❑ by Poonam Juneja National Council on Crime and Delinquency D In partnership with ❑ West Contra Costa County Southeast Asian Youth & Family Alliance D D D D Cc Ds �� f National Council on Crime and Delinquency West Contra Costa County 0 1970 Broadway, Suite 500 Southeast Asian Youth & Family Alliance Oakland, CA 94612 11780 San Pablo Avenue, Suite D D (510) 208-0500 EI Cerrito, CA 94530 ❑ www.nccd-erc.org (510) 374-3231 o D Copyright 2006, National Council on Crime and Delinquency ❑ TABLE OF CONTENTS D Indexof Figures.......................................................................................3 ❑ Index of Tables.........................................................................................4 ❑ Acknowledgements...................................................................................5 Introduction............................................................................................6 ❑ Methodology...........................................................................................8 ❑ Data Section 1: Demographics......................................................................9 ❑ Data Section 2: Education..........................................................................15 ❑ All Students..................................................................................16 Asian and Pacific Islander Students......................................................26 ❑ English Learner Students..................................................................27 D Summary of Findings.......................................................................30 ❑ Data Section 3: Juvenile Justice...................................................................32 National.......................................................................................3 5 ❑ State of California...........................................................................37 Cityof Richmond............................................................................44 ❑ Race/Ethnicity.....................................................................44 Gender..............................................................................47 ❑ Special Focus: Hilltop Mall......................................................50 ❑ Summary of Findings......................................................................54 ❑ Conclusion...........................................................................................56 ❑ Critical Findings.....................................................................................57 ❑ Appendices ❑ Appendix A: Education....................................................................63 Appendix B: Juvenile Justice.............................................................66 El El El ❑ ❑ INDEX OF FIGURES Figure 1: Student Enrollment for All Grades by Race, West Contra Costa Unified School ❑ District (WCCUSD), 2002-2003............................................................16 ❑ Figure 2: High School Student Enrollment by Race, WCCUSD, 2002-2003...............17 Figure 3: Percent of Students Attaining the 50th NPR on the CAT/6 Reading Test, ❑ WCCUSD, Contra Costa County, and California, 2002-2003..........................18 El Figure 4: Percent of Students Attaining the 50`h NPR on the CAT/6 Reading Test, by Race and Grade, WCCUSD, 2002-2003..................................................19 ❑ Figure 5: Percent of Students Attaining the 50`h NPR on the CAT/6 Reading Test, by ❑ Gender and Grade, WCCUSD, 2002-2003...............................................20 Figure 6: Percent of Students Attaining the 50`h NPR on the CAT/6 Reading Test, by ❑ Economic Status and Grade, WCCUSD, 2002-2003....................................21 ❑ Figure 7: Percent of Students Attaining the 501h NPR on the CAT/6 Reading Test, by Parent Education and Grade, WCCUSD, 2002-2003...................................22 ❑ Figure 8: Percent of Students Attaining the 501h NPR on the CAT/6 Reading Test, by ❑ English Classification and Grade, WCCUSD, 2002-2003..............................23 Figure 9: One-Year High School Dropout Rates (Grades 9-12) by Race, WCCUSD, ❑ 2002-2003...................................................................................24 ❑ Figure 10: Percent of 12`h Grade Graduates Completing UC and/or CSU Course Entrance Requirements, WCCUSD, 2002-2003.....................................................25 ❑ Figure 11: Ninth Grade CAT/6 Scores for the Reading Test by API Ethnicity, WCCUSD, 2002-2003......................................................................................26 ❑ Figure 12: Number of English Learner Students Enrolled, WCCUSD and Contra Costa ❑ County, 1995-2003......................................... .............................27 Figure 13: Number of English Learner Students Enrolled, California, 1995-2003.........27 ❑ Figure 14: English Learner Student Redesignation Rates, WCCUSD, Contra Costa County, and California, 1996-2003.......................................................29 Figure 15: Population Institutionalized in the California Youth Authority by Race, ❑ California, 1993-2002.......................................................................39 Figure 16: Type of Crime Committed for Total Juvenile Arrests, for All Youth and API Youth, Richmond, 1990-2003..............................................................46 ❑ Figure 17: Type of Crime Committed for Total Juvenile Arrests, by Gender, Richmond, ❑ 1990-2003...................................................................................49 Figure 18: Location of Arrest, for All Youth and API Youth, Richmond, 1990-2003....50 ❑ Figure 19: Location of Juvenile Arrests by Gender, Richmond, 1990-2003................51 ❑ Figure 20: Type of Crime Committed for Total Juvenile Arrests, by Arrest Location and Gender, Richmond, 1990-2003.............................................................52 ❑ Figure 21: Type of Crime Committed for Total Juvenile Arrests, by Arrest Location and ❑ Race, Richmond, 1990-2003................................................................53 ❑ 3 ❑ ❑ INDEX OF TABLES El Table 1: Juvenile Population by Race and Ethnicity, Richmond, 2000...............................9 ❑ Table 2: Average Household Size by Race and Ethnicity, Richmond, 2000.....................10 ❑ Table 3: Educational Attainment for the Population Age 25 and over by Race and ❑ Ethnicity, Richmond, 2000....................................................................................11 Table 4: Median Household Income and Per Capita Income by Race and Ethnicity, ❑ Richmond, 2000.......................................................................................................12 ❑ Table 5: Poverty Status of Households by Race and Ethnicity, Richmond, 2000.............13 Table 6: Linguistic Isolation by Race and Ethnicity, Richmond, 2000.............................14 ❑ Table 7: English Learner(EL) Students by Primary Language, WCCUSD, 2002-03.....28 ❑ Table 8: Ten-Year Changes in Juvenile Arrests by Race and Type of Crime, United States, 1993-2002...................................................................................................35 [) Table 9: Five-Year Changes in Juvenile Arrests by Race and Type of Crime, United ❑ States, 1998-2002.............................................................................36 Table 10: Juvenile Felony Arrests by Year and Gender, California, 1990-2002...............37 ❑ Table 11: Juvenile Misdemeanor Arrests by Year and Gender, California, 1990-2002...38 ❑ Table 12: Population Institutionalized in the California Youth Authority by Gender, California, 1993-2002.....................................................................40 El Table 13: Flow of Youth Through the Juvenile Justice System by Race/Ethnicity, ❑ California, 2003............................................................................41 Table 14: Probation Department Outcomes for Youth Who Did Not Have Petitions Filed ❑ Against Them, California, 2003...........................................................42 ❑ Table 15: Type of Defense Representation for Youth Petitioned by Race/Ethnicity, California, 2003............................................................................43 ❑ Table 16: Total Juvenile Arrests by Race/Ethnicity and Year, Richmond, 1990-2003....44 ❑ Table 17: Juvenile Arrest Rate Per Hundred of the Juvenile Population by Race/Ethnicity, Richmond, 2000............................................................................45 ❑ Table 18: Total Female Juvenile Arrests by Race/Ethnicity and Year, Richmond, 1990-2003...................................................................................47 ❑ Table 19: Total Male Juvenile Arrests by Race/Ethnicity and Year, Richmond, ❑ 1990-2003...................................................................................48 ❑. ❑ ❑ 4 ❑ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is a collaborative effort between the National Council on Crime and ❑ Delinquency (NCCD) and the Southeast Asian Youth & Family Alliance (SAYFA). ❑ Founded in 2003, SAYFA addresses issues that affect local youth. Southeast Asian Youth & Family Alliance (SAYFA) ❑ Co-Founders: Supervisor John Gioia, Contra Costa County Chaosam Chao, Lao Family Community Development, Inc. ❑ Members and Partners: Congressman George Miller Contra Costa County Sheriff's Department [� Assemblywoman Loni Hancock Grace Lutheran Church Richmond Mayor Irma L. Anderson Greater Richmond Interfaith Project [� Asian Health Services Lao Mien American Association API Legal Outreach Laotian Organizing Project/Asian Pacific Asian Pacific Psychological Services Environmental Network Baan Lao TV National Council on Crime and Delinquency ❑ Bay Area Legal Aid Opportunity West Brookside Community Health Clinic Prevention Research Center ❑ Concerned Community Members, Parents Richmond Police Department and Youth Richmond Youth Works ❑ Contra Costa County Alcohol&Other Drugs Southeast Asian Young Leaders (SEAYL) Services Totally Led Ministries ❑ Contra Costa County Juvenile Drug Court United Laotian Community Development Contra Costa County Mental Health West Contra Costa Unified School District ❑ Contra Costa County Probation Department Youth Together In addition to SAYFA's participation,NCCD also thanks the following individuals and ❑ agencies for their commitment to using data-driven, research-based approaches to ❑ improving the lives of West Contra Costa County youth: • Caroline Glesmann, Research Assistant,NCCD. ❑ • Richmond Police Department, in particular, Lt. Mark Gagan, Family & Community Services and Perry Austin, Crime Analysis Unit. • Contra Costa County Probation Department, primarily Paula Hernandez, former Juvenile Division Manager. ❑ • Sean Kirkpatrick, Coordinator, Southeast Asian Youth &Family Alliance. NCCD would also like to acknowledge the following people for their assistance: • Eric Fong, Intern,NCCD. ❑ • Juliet Lee, Research Anthropologist, Prevention Research Center. • Mark Morris, Principal, and Lorenza Hall, Research Director, Mark Morris Associates. ❑ • Robert Bennett, Principal, Resource Development Associates. ❑ The report was made possible by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(Grant# R49/CCR918619-0), awarded to the National Council on Crime and Delinquency; and ❑ Drug-Free Communities Support Program, funded by the Office of National Drug Control Policy and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Agency/Center for [] Substance Abuse Prevention (Grant# SP 11560), awarded to Asian Pacific Psychological Services/Southeast Asian Youth & Family Alliance. The report does not necessarily ❑ represent the views of any of the funders named here. ❑ This report is dedicated to the memory of Chan Boonkeut and all victims of violence in ❑ West Contra Costa County. ❑ 5 ❑ INTRODUCTION ❑ On October 13, 2003, 15-year-old Chan Boonkeut, a Khmui girl, died from a gunshot ❑ wound to her head, sustained as she answered the door to her Richmond, California ❑ home. The fatal bullet was one of 12 that entered the Boonkeut home; Chan's father was also injured in the leg. The alleged target, a family member reportedly affiliated with a ❑ local Southeast Asian youth gang, was not at home. Two members of a rival gang are awaiting trial in the incident. The death of Chan, an honor student and a budding activist with the Asian Pacific ❑ Environmental Network, underscored several key concerns of Southeast Asian youth in ❑ West Contra Costa County — including youth violence, mental health and drug abuse— and prompted organized community action to address these problems. Since March 2003, ❑ the West Contra Costa County Southeast Asian Youth Task Force has met regularly to investigate and address the issues facing local Southeast Asian youth. The Task Force is ❑ comprised of a coalition of youth service providers, law enforcement and probation officials, community organizations, community members, and local elected officials ❑ including the county supervisor for the district.3 ❑ The National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD), a nonprofit research agency ❑ based in Oakland, California,joined the Task Force to assess the needs of Southeast Asian youth in the city of Richmond. NCCD has experience in working with community ❑ groups to profile the situation of API youth in several different communities through the Asian & Pacific Islander Youth Violence Prevention Center (API Center), a collaboration ❑ with the University of Hawai'i. In addition to conducting research in Waipahu, Hawai'i ❑ and San Francisco, the API Center produced the first-ever, comprehensive profile of API youth on a citywide scale, examining juvenile justice, behavioral health, and education Elissues in Oakland.4 ❑ The intent of the present report is to provide a detailed assessment of the status of ❑ Southeast Asian youth in Richmond. To this end, the report contains data from the areas of juvenile justice and education, with relevant demographic data provided for context. ❑ Previous research conducted by NCCD on API youth in Oakland revealed that these areas are integrally connected; ethnic groups who were disproportionately represented in ❑ the juvenile justice system were also underperforming academically. Anecdotal evidence has also shown that the problems of youth in one area may carry over or contribute to ❑ another; for example, a youth who experiences problems at home may struggle in school ❑ and act out in the community, leading to encounters with the justice system. The Khmu ethnic group is native to northern Laos. ❑ 2 West Contra Costa County is commonly described as including the cities of Richmond,Hercules,Pinole,San Pablo and EI Cerrito,as well as unincorporated areas of Contra Costa County,including EI Sobrante, ❑ Kensington,Montalvin,North Richmond,and Tara Hills. ' In 2005,the Task Force was formalized as a collaboration,becoming the Southeast Asian Youth&Family ❑ Alliance. This report,titled Under the Microscope:Asian and Pacific/slander Youth/n Oakland,is located online at ❑ www.api-center.org/documents/microscope_full_report.pdf ❑ 6 ❑ Each section of the report focuses on a different piece of this larger assessment task. The ❑ first section contains demographic data on the city of Richmond in order to provide a context for the rest of the data. Education data from the West Contra Costa Unified ❑ School District on topics such as standardized test results, dropout rates, and Limited English Proficiency (LEP) student enrollment are presented as a means of assessing how ❑ different groups of students are faring in the educational system. Data regarding the EJ movement justice system in Richmond highlight local and statewide issues as well as the movement of youth through the California juvenile justice system. ❑ This data compilation should be useful to a wide audience for several reasons. The ❑ information in this report has not been assembled previously in a convenient manner for use by the community. By disaggregating by Asian/Pacific Islander ethnicity, this ❑ compilation also highlights the lack of adequate resources that address the needs of ❑ Southeast Asian youth in West Contra Costa County. This report, then, is unique in its capacity to be a useful tool for organizations and other community members for ❑ developing programs, understanding the needs of Southeast Asian youth, and illustrating these needs to others. Further, the data assembled here demonstrate that current research ❑ in this area is woefully incomplete and needs to be expanded in order to present a ❑ comprehensive picture of the state of Southeast Asian youth. D EJ D ❑ ED ❑ 7 ❑ METHODOLOGY ❑ Demographic data came from the United States "Census 2000" and were accessed online ❑ using the American FactFinder system. All racial categories in the demographic section ❑ are reported using the designation "alone or in combination"; therefore, some individuals might be included in more than one category. The U.S. Census Bureau treats "Hispanic" ❑ as an ethnicity rather than as a racial group, so it is possible to be both Hispanic and a member of any racial group. In order to differentiate Hispanic members from non- Hispanic members of each racial group, data included in the demographic section refer to the non-Hispanic portion of each racial group and include Hispanic as a separate ❑ category. The exceptions to this guideline are the categories in which specific Asian and ❑ Pacific Islander groups are disaggregated. Because it was not possible to obtain data that separates Hispanic members of these groups from non-Hispanic members, data that refer ❑ to each of the specific Asian and Pacific Islander categories include those who also identify as Hispanic. Education data were obtained from the California Department of Education using its ❑ DataQuest internet tool. Comparisons of the percent of students achieving at or above the ❑ 501h National Percentile Rank (NPR) on the California Achievement Tests (part of the Standardized Testing and Reporting [STAR] program set of tests) are used to assess the ❑ comparative levels of achievement within different racial/ethnic groups. The 50"'NPR refers to the score at which half of the students in the nation test above and the other half ❑ below; the percentage of students testing at or above the 50`h NPR can be read as the ❑ percentage of students who have demonstrated achievement at or above grade level. ❑ The data in the juvenile justice section were obtained from a variety of official sources, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reports, the California ❑ Criminal Justice Statistics Center, and the California Youth Authority. Local juvenile arrest data in Richmond came from a printout provided to NCCD by the Richmond Police ❑ Department. As the data pertain only to the jurisdiction of the Richmond Police ❑ Department, unincorporated areas of Richmond under the jurisdiction of the Contra Costa County Sheriff's Department are not included in the dataset. This printout was ❑ transformed into an electronic dataset for analysis. El El ❑ g ❑ ❑ DATA SECTION 1: DEMOGRAPHICS Table 1 Juvenile Population by Race and Ethnicity ❑ Richmond, 2000 ❑ Juvenile % of Total % of API Population Juvenile Juvenile ❑ Under 18 Population Population Total Population* 27,494 ❑ African American 11,292 41.1% ❑ American Indian/Alaskan Native 272 1.0% Asian 3,456 12.6% C] Hispanic/Latino 9;588 34.9% Pacific Islander 250 0.9% ❑ White 3,537 12.9% Other 524 1.9% El ❑ Asian (includes Hispanic/Latino) 3,623 13.2% 92.4% Asian Indian 356 1.3% 9,1% ❑ Cambodian 54 0.2% 1.4% Chinese 780 2.8% 19.9% ❑ Chinese, except Taiwanese 759 2.8% 19.4% Taiwanese 21 0.1% 0.5% ❑ Filipino 1,008 3.7% 25.7% Japanese 222 0.8% 5.7% ❑ Korean 119 0.4% 3.0% ❑ Laotian 874 3.2% 22.3% Thai 50 0.2% 1.3% ❑ Vietnamese 156 0.6% 4.0% ❑ Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander '297 1.1% 7.6% includes Hispanic/Latino) ❑ Polynesian 189 0.7% 4.8% Native Hawaiian 1 60 0.2% 1 1.5% ❑ Samoan 1 . 86 0.3% 2.2% ❑ Source: U.S.Census Bureau,2000 Census:Summary File 2. Accessed June 3,2004 from http://factfinder.census.gov ❑ Notes: Racial/ethnic groups with total populations smaller than 100 people were omitted.These include Bangladeshi,Hmong,Indonesian,Malaysian,Pakistani, Sri Lankan,Other specified Asian,Tongan, ❑ Micronesian,and Melanesian. ❑ * Populations for racial groups given do not include those of Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. ❑ • In 2000, the two largest juvenile groups in Richmond were African American youth (41.1% of the juvenile population) and Hispanic youth(34.9%). ❑ • Among Asian and Pacific Islanders, the largest juvenile groups were Filipino (25.7% ❑ of API juvenile population), Laotian (22.3%), and Chinese (19.9%). ❑ 9 ❑ Table 2 ❑ Average Household Size by Race and Ethnicity ❑ Richmond, 2000 Average Household Deviation from ❑ Size Richmond Average Total Population* 2.82 ❑ African American 2.08 -26.2% American Indian/Alaskan Native 2.58 -8.5% ❑ Asian 3.23 +14.5% Hispanic/Latino 2.67 -5.3% ❑ Pacific Islander 3.88 +37.6% White 4.19 +48.6% ❑ Other 3.04 +7.8% Asian (includes Hispanic/Latino) 3.23 +14.5% Asian Indian 3.51 +24.5% ❑ Cambodian 4.47 +58.5% ❑ Chinese 2.86 +1.4% Chinese, except Taiwanese 2.85 +1.1% ❑ Taiwanese 2.95 +4.6% Filipino 3.46 +22.7% ❑ Japanese 2.17 -23.0% Korean 2.50 -11.3%° ❑ Laotian 5.07 +79.8% Thai 3.04 +7.8% ❑ Vietnamese 3.52 +24.8% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific 3.84 +36.2% Q Islander includes Hispanic/Latino) ❑ Polynesian 4.14 +46.8% Native Hawaiian 2.98 +5.7% 1:3 Samoan 5.37 +90.4% ❑ Source:U.S.Census Bureau,2000 Census:Summary File 2. El Accessed June 3,2004 from http://factfinder.census.gov Notes: Racial/ethnic groups with total populations smaller than 100 people were omitted.These include ❑ Bangladeshi,Hmong,Indonesian,Malaysian,Pakistani,Sri Lankan,Other specified Asian,Tongan, r-� Micronesian,and Melanesian. U *Populations for racial groups given do not include those of Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. ❑ White, Asian, and Pacific Islander households in Richmond tended to be larger than ❑ the city's average in 2000. • Samoan, Laotian, and Cambodian households in particular are significantly larger ❑ than the average household size in Richmond, by 90.4%, 79.8%, and 58.5%, ❑ respectively. El 11 10 ❑ Table 3 ❑ Educational Attainment for the Population Age 25 and Over by Race and Ethnicity ❑ Richmond, 2000 r -o ❑ y y N W 0 SCL El •* C W C H O 3 D _ 0 O O O ❑ M O C 3 d O N to Ot G 3 (O a (O Cy> 13. N N tai CDD CD ❑ „ sa ; Q � to to a a o tc n m � � %< 0 M � m CD t`Do $ ❑ Total Population* 62,662 11.2% 13.5% 21.8% 24.4% 6.8% 14.1% 8.3% ❑ African American 22,079 4.9% 15.7% 25.6% 31.7% 8.1% 9.2% 4.9% American Indian/ 727 72% 8.4% 36.8% 26.4% 8.1% 12.7% 10.5% ❑ Alaskan Native Asian 8,607 13.7% 7.4% 15.5% 16.5% 8.3% 29.7% 11.0% ❑ Hispanic/Latino 13,323 30.8% 21.8% 21.4% 15.6% 3.1% 5.1% 2.3% Pacific Islander 370 10.3% 15.4% 31.4% 28.7% 5.4% 5.4% 3.5% ❑ White 18,624 3.2% 7.6% 19.9% 26.0% 7.6% 20.2% 15.6% Other 954 6.1% 11.8% 20.9% 28.9% 1.9% 19.7% 10.7% [] Asian (includes 8,715 13.6% 7.6% 15.4% 16.6% 8.2% 27.8% 10.8% Hispanic/Latino) D Asian Indian 850 14.4% 12.0% 13.5% 10.9% 3.4% 21.3% 24.5% ❑ Chinese 2,690 8.8% 7.0% 15.5% 13.9% 7.1% 31.0% 16.7% Chinese, except 2,545 8.9% 7.4% 15.6% 14.4% 7.2% 31.0% 15.5% ❑ Taiwanese Filipino 2,163 7.5% 5.9% 9.0% 20.6% 9.7% 41.6% 5.8% ❑ Japanese 919 1.8% 5.7% 22.2% 23.2% 9.8% 24.8% 1 12.5% Korean 371 0.0% 3.8% 118.1% 14.6% 4.0% 47.7% 11.9% ❑ Laotian 1,253 48.4% 10.9% 115.9% 12.1% 8.0% 4.8% 0.0% Vietnamese 382 22.3% 6.5% 22.0% 9.4% 16.0% 17.8% 6.0% ❑ Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 404 12.6% 14.1% 31.4% 27.2% 5.0% 6.4% 3.2% ❑ (includes Hispanic/Latino) Polynesian 238 9.7% 17.2% 35.7% 19.3% 4.2% 8.4% 5.5% Source: U.S.Census Bureau,2000 Census:Summary File 4. ❑ Accessed June 3,2004 from http://factfinder.census.gov Notes: Racial/ethnic groups with total populations smaller than 100 people or with a sample size smaller than 50 ❑ respondents were omitted.These include Bangladeshi,Cambodian,Hmong,Indonesian,Malaysian,Pakistani, Sri Lankan,Thai,Other specified Asian,Native Hawaiian,Samoan,Tongan,Micronesian,and Melanesian. ❑ * Populations for racial groups given do not include those of Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. ❑ • Hispanic and Laotian adults have particularly low educational attainment, with more ❑ than 50% of their populations age 25 years or older having less than a high school diploma. ❑ 11 ❑ ❑ Table 4 ❑ Median Household Income and Per Capita Income by Race and Ethnicity ❑ Richmond, 2000 Median Deviation from Deviation from ❑ Household Richmond Per Capita Richmond Income Average Income Average ❑ Total Population* $44,210 $19,7 ❑ African American $36,048 -18.5% $17,420 -12.0% American Indian/Alaskan $62 188 +40.7% ❑ Native $22,722 +14.8% Asian $55,276 +25.0% $20,265 +2.4% Hispanic/Latino $41,362 -6.4% $12,239 -38.1% ❑ Pacific Islander $35,625 19.4% $13,629 -31.1% White $52,363 +18.4% $31,499 +59.2% ❑ Other $40,069 -9.4% $18;825 -4.9% Asian (includes❑ $55,406 +25.3/o His anic/Latino ° $20,065 +1.4% ❑ Asian Indian $66,81,5 +51.1% $21,529 +8:8% Chinese $58,470 +32.3% $24,904 +25.9% ❑ Chinese, except $58,500 +32.3% $24;523 +23.9% Taiwanese ❑ Filipino $71,823 +62.5% $21,905 +10.7% Japanese $54,583 +23.5% $26,782 +35.3% r-i Korean $50,625 +14.5% $18,908 -4.4% t-1 Laotian $37,639 -14.9% $9,625 -51.4% Vietnamese $35,357 -20.0% $15,797 -20.2% El Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander(includes $35,234 -20.3% $12,544 -36.6% ❑ Hispanic/Latino) ❑ Polynesian $35,859 -18.9% $11,261 -43.1% ❑ Source: U.S.Census Bureau,2000 Census:Summary File 4. Accessed June 3,2004 from http://factfinder.census.gov ❑ Notes: Racial/ethnic groups with total populations smaller than 100 people or with a sample size smaller than 50 respondents were omitted.These include Bangladeshi,Cambodian,Hmong,Indonesian,Malaysian,Pakistani, ❑ Sri Lankan,Thai,Other specified Asian,Native Hawaiian, Samoan,Tongan,Micronesian,and Melanesian. * Populations for racial groups given do not include those of Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. ❑ • This table illustrates median household income and per capita income,s which give ❑ very different indicators of the income level of Asian and Pacific Islander households ❑ in Richmond, due in part to the large average household sizes among these groups. Laotian, Polynesian, and Hispanic households have particularly low per capita ❑ incomes, at 51.4%, 43.1%, and 38.1%, respectively, below the per capita income for Richmond as a whole. ❑ 5 The U.S.Census defines household income as"the sum of money income received in a calendar year by all household members 15 years old and over."The median is"the amount which divides the income distribution into two ❑ equal groups,half having incomes above the median,half having incomes below the median."Per capita income is "the mean [or average] income computed for every man,woman,and child in a geographic area."Retrieved 9/7/05 ❑ from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_101615.htm and www.census.gov/population/www/cps/Cpsdefhtmi ❑ 12 ❑ Table 5 ❑ Poverty Status of Households by Race and Ethnicity ❑ Richmond,2000 Percent of Households ❑ with Income in 1999 Total Population below poverty level [] Total Population* 98,080 16.2% ❑ African American 36,079 22.1% ❑ American Indian/Alaskan Native 1,071 12.0% Asian 13,130 9.8% ❑ Hispanic/Latino 26,360 18.3% Pacific Islander 694 32.9% ❑ White 23,116 7.9% Other 1,481 18.0% ❑ Asian (includes Hispanic/Latino) 13,451 9.7% ❑ Asian Indian 1,257 8.0% ❑ Chinese 3,734 9.9% Chinese, except 3,544 10.5% ❑ Taiwanese Filipino 3,330 2.4% ❑ Japanese 1,215 6.9% Korean 584 8,4% ❑ Laotian 2,562 16.8% Vietnamese 619 16.2% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific o Islander includes Hispanic/Latino) 804 33.6/o ❑ Polynesian 566 33.2% Source: U.S.Census Bureau,2000 Census:Summary File 4. ❑ Accessed June 3,2004 from http://factfinder.census.gov Notes: Racial/ethnic groups with total populations smaller than 100 people or with a sample size smaller than 50 ❑ respondents were omitted.These include Bangladeshi,Cambodian,Hmong, Indonesian,Malaysian,Pakistani, Sri Lankan,Thai,Other specified Asian,Native Hawaiian, Samoan,Tongan,Micronesian,and Melanesian. * Populations for racial groups given do not include those of Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. El • A large proportion(33.6%) of Pacific Islander households in Richmond lived below ❑ the poverty line in 2000. ❑ • A significant percentage of African American (22.1%), Hispanic (18.3%), Laotian (16.8%), and Vietnamese (16.2%) households were also below the poverty line. El ❑ 13 D Table 6 ❑ Linguistic Isolation by Race and Ethnicity ❑ Richmond, 2000 Percent of ❑ Linguistically Isolated Households ❑ Total Population* 9.2% Q African American 0.6% American Indian/Alaskan Native 2.5% ❑ Asian 25.1% Hispanic/Latino 30.4% ❑ Pacific Islander 0.0% White 1.6% ❑ Other 20.0% ❑ Asian includes Hispanic/Latino) 24.9% Asian Indian 17.0% Chinese 29.8% Chinese, except Taiwanese 29.0% Filipino 11.9% ❑ Japanese 12.6% Korean 15.3% El Vietnamese 42.7% Vietnamese 47.4% ❑ Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0.0% includes Hispanic/Latino) ❑ Polynesian 0.0% Source: U.S.Census Bureau,2000 Census:Summary File 4. ❑ Accessed June 3,2004 from http://factfinder.census.gov Notes:Linguistic isolation refers to households in which no members age 14 years or older speak English ❑ only or speak English very well as a second language. ❑ Racial/ethnic groups with total populations smaller than 100 people or with a sample size smaller than 50 respondents were omitted.These include Bangladeshi,Cambodian,Hmong, Indonesian,Malaysian,Pakistani, ❑ Sri Lankan,Thai,Other specified Asian,Native Hawaiian,Samoan,Tongan,Micronesian,and Melanesian. * Populations for racial groups given do not include those of Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. D ❑ Most Asian ethnicities have high levels of linguistic isolation, especially Vietnamese (47.4% of households linguistically isolated) and Laotian(42.7%) households. ❑ • About 30% of Hispanic households are linguistically isolated. • Linguistic isolation presents a significant problem for many ethnic groups; for ❑ example, it may further hinder those already struggling to receive assistance from ❑ service providers. 14 DATA SECTION 2: EDUCATION ❑ The data regarding educational performance were obtained from the California ❑ Department of Education (CDE). The CDE reports the results of a series of tests that ❑ comprise the Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) program, with each test serving a different purpose. In this report, results from one component of the STAR test, the California Achievement Tests, Sixth Edition (CAT/6), were examined as a comparable measure of achievement for various racial/ethnic groups in the West Contra ❑ Costa Unified School District (WCCUSD). This portion of the STAR program is used by the CDE to determine the academic performance of each student in California in ❑ comparison to a national sample of students in the corresponding grade. ❑ While the primary focus of this data collection effort was to collect data pertaining to the Southeast Asian population, the data are not limited to this group for a few notable reasons. First, the data reveal other demographic groups that also are struggling [� academically, an issue that cannot be ignored. Further, there is a general lack of data in this area that can be disaggregated by specific API ethnicity. In an attempt to circumvent ❑ this problem, data that are disaggregated by other factors, such as parents' education and ❑ economic status, are presented. Demographic profiles of API ethnicities in Richmond reveal that certain API groups have very low levels of parental education and economic status, which might lead to greater academic difficulties on the part of youth in these API groups. Data regarding the number and rate at which English Learner students are moved into ❑ regular classes and their academic achievement are also examined in this section. In the ❑ United States in general and in the city of Richmond in particular, certain ethnic groups have high levels of linguistic isolation (meaning that no one in a particular family speaks ❑ English fluently), presenting a significant barrier for these groups. In Richmond, for example, approximately one in every two Vietnamese households is linguistically ❑ isolated (see Table 6). The data presented here are gauges of how students who do not D speak English as their first language perform in comparison to other students. ❑ D ❑ 15 D ❑ All Students El ❑ Figure 1 ❑ Student Enrollment for All Grades by Race West Contra Costa Unified School District (WCCUSD), 2002.2003 ❑ American Indian or Alaskan Native 101 El Pacific Islander 267 Multiple or No Response 769 ❑ Filipino 1,973 D Asian 3,786 ❑ White(not Hispanic) 5,199 1 ❑ African American 10,264 n Hispanic or Latino 12,581 ❑ 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent of Enrollment ❑ Total Enrollment=34,940 Source: California Department of Education,DataQuest ❑ Accessed July 20,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest ❑ + About 36% of the students enrolled in West Contra Costa USD in the 2002-03 school ❑ year were Hispanic. • About 29% of the students in the district were African American. 0 • White students constituted about 15% of the student population. • API youth (including Asian, Filipino, and Pacific Islander) constituted about 17% of D the students enrolled in the district. ❑ ❑ ❑ 16 ❑ Figure 2 ❑ High School Student Enrollment by Race WCCUSD, 2002.2003 American Indian or Alaskan Native 49 Multiple or No Response 91 Pacific Islander 96 Filipino 72 Asian 1,252 ❑ White(not Hispanic) 1,691 ❑ Hispanic or Latinowow 2,979 ❑ African American010000" 3,102 0 10 20 30 40 50 ❑ Percent of Enrollment Total Enrollment=9,989 ❑ Source:California Department of Education,DataQuest ❑ Accessed July 20,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest ❑ Note:High school enrollment numbers include ungraded secondary students. ❑ • While they represented the second largest student population in the West Contra Costa Unified School District as a whole,African American students constituted the largest racial/ethnic group (approximately 31%) among high school students in the district during the 2002-03 school year. ❑ • Hispanic or Latino youth, the largest racial group in the district as a whole, were the second largest racial/ethnic group among high school students, making up about 30% of the high school student population. El El ❑ 17 ❑ Figure 3 Percent of Students Attaining the 50th NPR on the CAT/6 Reading Test WCCUSD, Contra Costa County, and California, 2002-2003 ❑ 70 ®Grade 9 52 ❑ 60 oGrade 10 oGrade 11 �9----___----- 54 50 50 Ag — 4i— 40 39 39 _ a 35 30 — - ❑ 20 ❑ ❑ 10 ❑ 0 West Contra Costa USD Contra Costa County California ❑ ❑ Source: California Department of Education,DataQuest Accessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.ede.ca.gov/dataquest Notes: The horizontal gray line on the above chart marks 50%. If a group reaches this line, it means that half of ❑ the group is performing at or above the 50'h National Percentile Rank(NPR),the national standard.The 50'h NPR II�� is the level at which half of the students tested in the nation performs above and the other half below. El Please see Appendix A,Table A I for N's. ❑ o In California, approximately 50% of the students tested in each grade achieved the ❑ 50th National Percentile Rank (NPR) on the CAT/6 test. G In Contra Costa County, more than 50% of students in each grade tested at or above [] the 50th NPR, or grade level. Of ninth graders tested in Contra Costa County, 62% El achieved this level, significantly higher than the national average. c In WCCUSD, however, fewer than 40% of the tested students in any grade performed ❑ at or above grade level. ❑ is El ❑ Figure 4 El by of Students Attaining the 50th NPR on the CAT/6 Reading Test by Race and Grade,WCCUSD, 2002-2003 Ej 70 EGrade 9 62 61 ❑ 60 __C3Grade10 56 ------ 57 ----- OGrade 11 55 ❑ 51 50 50 ElU ❑ a 31 30 ---------- - --27 -26 -27--- -- 20 -------- - - - 9 10 10 --- - -6- - -- 1 I ❑ 'ca a' �i� sOa 09 c,V°iso rl'o 0 aoca ^`a a'Oa itis QSource:California Department of Education,DataQuest Accessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest Notes:The category American Indian/Alaskan Native was omitted from this chart,because fewer than 10 students in this group in the 91h, 10`h,and 11`h grades,respectively,were tested. Pacific Islander 11th graders were also omitted,because fewer than 10 students in that category were tested. The horizontal gray line on the above chart marks 50%.If a group reaches this line, it means that half of the group is performing at or above the 501h National Percentile Rank(NPR),the national standard.The 50`h NPR is ❑ the level at which half of the students tested in the nation performs above and the other half below. 11 Please see Appendix A,Table A2 for N's. L❑J ® The two largest racial groups in WCCUSD, Hispanic and African American youth, had the lowest percentages of students achieving or surpassing the 501h NPR in grades ❑ 9, 10, and 11. ® Of the Asian, Filipino, and white students tested, 50%or more performed at or above the 50th NPR in each grade examined. [] ® Of the 9th grade Pacific Islander students tested, 53% scored at or above the 501h NPR, compared to 31% of 10th grade Pacific Islander students. El ❑ 19 ❑ ❑ Figure 5 ❑ Percent of Students Attaining the 50th NPR on the CAT/6 Reading Test by Gender and Grade, WCCUSD, 2002-2003 ❑ 100 ❑ EOGrad rade 9 e 10 80 rade 11 60 U ❑ d 45 42 39 40 ❑ 32 31 ❑ 20 — ❑ 0 ❑ Male Female D ❑ Source:California Department of Education,DataQuest Accessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest ❑ Notes:The horizontal gray line on the above chart marks 50%. If a group reaches this line, it means that half of the group is performing at or above the 50`h National Percentile Rank(NPR),the national standard.The ❑ 501h NPR is the level at which half of the students tested in the nation performs above and the other half ❑ below. Please see Appendix A,Table A3 for N's. ® In each grade examined, a larger portion of female students than male students ❑ tested at or above the 50`h NPR on the reading portion of the CAT/6 test. The ❑ largest disparity between male (32%) and female (45%) students is seen in the ninth grade. El D ❑ 20 ❑ Figure 6 ❑ Percent of Students Attaining the 50th NPR on the CAT16 Reading Test ❑ by Economic Status and Grade,WCCUSD, 2002-2003 D 60 ❑ 50 --------------------------------------------------—---- ----- 47 45 -=Grade9 41 El40 ---- OG rade 10 -------------------- OGrade 11 ❑ c d ❑ a 30 ----------------------------------- ?A ❑ 21 20 - ------ O El 10 D o Econom'icaly Disadvantaged Non-Econonnicaly Disadvantaged ❑ Source: California Department of Education,DataQuest ❑ Accessed July 20,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest Notes:Economically disadvantaged refers to students eligible for participation in the National School Lunch ❑ Program.According to the USDA program guidelines:"Children from families with incomes at or below 130 percent of the poverty level are eligible for free meals.Those with incomes between 130 percent and EJ 185 percent of the poverty level are eligible for reduced-price meals."Source: http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/lunch/AboutLunch/NSLPFactShect.pdf,accessed July 1,2005. ❑ The horizontal gray line on the above chart marks 50%.If a group reaches this line,it means that half of the group is performing at or above the 50`h National Percentile Rank(NPR),the national standard.The 50`h ❑ NPR is the level at which half of the students tested in the nation performs above and the other half below. Please see Appendix A,Table A4 for N's. ❑ • About 20% fewer of the economically disadvantaged students performed at or ❑ above the 5 01 NPR than did the non-economically disadvantaged students in all of the grades examined. ❑ • As demonstrated by the demographics of the area, it is more likely that students from certain ethnic backgrounds in Richmond, including Hispanic, Laotian, and ❑ Vietnamese youth, fall into the category of economically disadvantaged (see El demographic section, Table 4). ❑ 21 El El ❑ Figure 7 Percent of Students Attaining the 50th NPR on the CAT16 Reading Test ❑ by Parent Education and Grade,WCCUSD, 2002.2003 ❑ 80 .Grade 9• 1 71 ElOGrade 10 67 - 68 ❑Grade 11 62 ❑ 60 ------------------------------ 57----- ---------- ❑ — 46 c ❑ a 40 --------------------- —- - -- - 33 33 u ❑ 2827 222A2 ❑ 20 - - - - EJ ❑ 0 ❑ �o! 9h roh colo C^°o OPQ! .9e Oo, �o 96 h°o! ope 01 !oS !OS ❑ 1906, 9 d ° ! oi coda e/goo/ oalo h°o/A e!e v da d!o oao oslC ❑ 4dlo 99c �daG Q`9im d!N O Source:California Department of Education,DataQuest ❑ Accessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.cdc.ca.gov/dataquest ❑ Notes:The horizontal gray line on the above chart marks 50%. If a group reaches this line,it means that half of the group is performing at or above the 50`h National Percentile Rank(NPR),the national standard.The 50`h NPR is the level at which half of the students tested in the nation performs above and the other half ❑ below. Please see Appendix A,Table A5 for N's. ❑ ® In each grade, more children of parents with higher levels of education tended to ❑ score at or above the 50th percentile than students with parents with lower educational levels. Youth of particular ethnic backgrounds in Richmond, including Hispanic, Vietnamese, and Laotian youth, are more likely to have parents with lower ❑ educational levels, which is associated with lower scores on the CAT/6 reading test results from 2002-03 (see demographic section, Table 3). El ❑ 22 Figure 8 ❑ Percent of Students Attaining the 50th NPR on the CAT/6 Reading Test by English Classification and Grade, WCCUSD, 2002.2003 ❑ 80 D ----68-----------ImGrade9 I--- 65 62 -3Grade 10 60 ---------------- -58- -- ---- ❑Grade 11 --- 50 61 ❑ 41 40 --36--- -- 30 - -- ---------------- 20 - -- ----74-- ------ ❑ 13 13 ❑ 10 - -- -- 9j. Gds ne gj. ❑ �h0 fF aq f ❑ oss GPS l hq0 9'S ❑ Ci /j 67f q ole iP ❑ �f Source:California Department of Education,DataQuest ❑ Accessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest Notes:According to the California Department of Education,"an English Learner is a student with a home El language other than English who is not yet proficient in English."Accessed September 27,2005 from www.cde.ca.gov/ta/te/el/documents/sumresults05.ydf Redesignation refers to an English Learner(EL) student who has a demonstrated proficiency of the English language that is comparable to the average native D English speaker.The criteria for redesignation differ by school district. ❑ The horizontal gray line on the above chart marks 50%.If a group reaches this line,it means that half of the group is performing at or above the 50'h National Percentile Rank(NPR),the national standard.The 50" ❑ NPR is the level at which half of the students tested in the nation performs above and the other half below. Please see Appendix A,Table A6 for N's. ❑ • Less than 15% of English Learner (EL) students in any grades examined tested at ❑ or above the 50th NPR. • In each grade, a smaller portion of students who spoke English only scored at or ❑ above the 50th NPR than bilingual students (including both those who initially ❑ spoke English fluently and those who were redesignated as fluent English speakers). Of the bilingual students tested in each grade, a larger percentage of ❑ those who were redesignated as Fluent English Proficient tested at or above the 50th NPR than those who were initially Fluent English Proficient. ❑ • About 78% of the district's EL students spoke Spanish as their primary language. ❑ Most of the remaining students spoke one of a wide variety of API languages. ❑ 23 ❑ ❑ Figure 9 0 One-Year High School Dropout Rates (Grades 9.12) by Race WCCUSD,2002-2003 ❑ 16 ❑ 14 --- --- --- --- --- -- -- ❑ 12 --------------------------------------- ❑ - - District Average X10 ------------------------------- m a8 ---- - - ------ ❑ 2 14:5 0 6 4 .. ❑ 7.4 8'3 10:2 8.7 County Average 6.1 5.8 State Average 2 0 ❑ 9oi 9s: s � s '9io. �h. 4 c ops ❑ d'/'aao /doaP^ ��P^�Oa Cl Source:California Department of Education,DataQuest DAccessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest Notes:One-year dropout rates were calculated by dividing the total number of dropouts from grades 9-12 by ❑ the total enrollment in these grades at the beginning of the school year. ❑ Please see Appendix A,Table A7 for N's by race/ethnicity and grade [� o All racial/ethnic groups in WCCUSD had higher high school dropout rates in the ❑ 2002-03 school year than the state and county average dropout rates. • The two largest groups in WCCUSD, African American and Hispanic students, ❑ also have the highest dropout rates. El ❑ ❑ 24 ❑ ❑ Figure 10 D Percent of 12th Grade Graduates Completing UC and/or CSU ❑ Course Entrance Requirements,WCCUSD, 2002-2003 ❑ 50 ° ®Female E IoMale2 40 ----...___.-----...___._...--------._._----.____..._ Overall Canty Rate M Overall State Rate 30 ------------------------------------------- ❑ e O U ❑ w 20 --------- _ -- ❑ Overall District Rate L° _rn El —0 10 - ---------------- ° e ° ❑ a 0 12- D I%..i. ys . d7 .O�' .Oct Cd %3�fE Od ❑ Source:California Department of Education,DataQuest ❑ Accessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.ede.ca.gov/dataquest Notes:Youth identified as American Indian/Alaskan Native,Pacific Islander,and Multiple Response/Other ❑ were omitted,because fewer than 10 students in these groups completed UC/CSU requirements. ❑ Please see Appendix A,Table A8 for N's ❑ • Only one group (Asian girls) in WCCUSD completed University of California (UC) and/or California State University (CSU) course entrance requirements at a ❑ higher rate than the overall state and county rates. African American and Hispanic students, the two largest groups in WCCUSD, have the lowest rates of completing UC and/or CSU course entrance ❑ requirements, meaning these two groups had the smallest percentages of students eligible to enter the public university system in California. D El ❑ 13 25 ❑ Asian and Pacific Islander Students ❑ Figure 11 ❑ Ninth Grade CAT/6 Scores for the Reading Test by API Ethnicity ❑ WCCUSD,2002-2003 100 ❑ 10 10 80 29 — — 36 21 29 ❑ 56 36 75% 60 Percent 3s Percent 47 2Q 42 50% El - 18 ❑ 20 32 25% s E3O Chinese Japanese Vietnamese Indian Laotian Other Asian D ❑ 13%Scoring at or above the 75th NPR C3%Scoring between the 50th NPR and the 75th NPR ❑ 0%Scoring between the 25th NPR and the 50th NPR ®%Scoring below the 25th NPR EJ u Source:California Department of Education,DataQuest ❑ Accessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.cdc.ca.gov/dataquest ❑ Notes:Korean and Cambodian youth were not included in this chart,as they had fewer than 10 students(the minimum reporting threshold)in the ninth grade. ❑ Please see Appendix A,Table A9 for N's ❑ • On average, API students in WCCUSD scored better than the national average on ❑ the 2002-03 CAT/6 reading test (with more than 50% scoring above the 50`h NPR). However, when disaggregated by specific ethnicity, some ethnic groups ❑ within this category performed better than others. • Japanese and Chinese youth scored very well, with 88% and 76%, respectively, of ❑ these youth achieving at or above the 50th NPR. ❑ • While about 48% of Vietnamese students scored at or above the 50`h NPR, 43% of all Vietnamese students tested below the 25`h NPR. ❑ • In contrast, most Laotian students (69%) failed to achieve the 50th NPR on this test. El ❑ ❑ 26 D ❑ English Learner Students ❑ Figure 12 Number of English Learner Students Enrolled 0 WCCUSD and Contra Costa County, 1995-2003 25,0°0 ❑ oWca coow coax usv ec�,al.o c.��coumv Q20,000 ❑ 15,000N 10.000 --O HW ❑ 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 D Year ❑ Figure 13 Number of English Learner Students Enrolled ❑ State of California, 1995.2003 M C s D D500,000 -- - - - ❑ ` 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2007 Year ❑ Source:California Department of Education,DataQuest ❑ Accessed May 24,2004 from http://datal.cdc.ca.gov/dataquest Note:According to the California Department of Education,"an English Learner is a student with a home ❑ language other than English who is not yet proficient in English."Accessed September 27,2005 from www.cde.ca.gov/ta/tg/el/documents/sumresults05.pdf ❑ From 1995 to 2003, the number of English Learner students increased steadily in [] WCCUSD (+69.7%), Contra Costa County (+85.6%), and California(+26.6%). Cl ❑ 27 D Table 7 ❑ English Learner(EL) Students by Primary Language ❑ WCCUSD, 2002-03 Number Total number of Percent of ❑ of Percent of students who speak speakers of English all EL that language language who ❑ Learners students (includes fluent and are English Language (EL) English Learners) Learners Spanish 7,633 77.8% 10,315 74.0% ❑ Mien Yao 414 4.2% 642 64.5% Pilipino (Tagalog) 337 3.4% 1,064 31.6% ❑ Punjabi 215 2.2% 351 61.3% Vietnamese 180 1.8% 334 53.9% ❑ Lao 159 1.6% 310 51.3% ❑ Cantonese 139 1.4% 298 34.9% Portuguese 87 0.9% 1 125 69.6% ❑ Arabic 83 0.8% 153 54.2% Hindi 78 0.8% 167 46.7% Other Non-English 78 0.8% 316 24.7% Urdu 69 0.7% 131 52.7% [] Khmu 62 0.6% 128 48.4% Mandarin Puton hua 59 0.6% 159 37.1% ❑ Japanese 32 0.3% 81 39.5% ❑ Korean 26 0.3% 81 32.1% Tongan 25 0.3% 35 71.4% D Farsi Persian 20 0.2% 57 35.1% Khmer Cambodian 18 0.2% 39 46.2% (� Samoan 16 0.2% 36 44.4% Ilocano 12 0.1% 28 42.9% ❑ Russian 11 0.1% 23 47.8% ❑ EL Total 9,811 100% 15,175 64.7% Source:California Department of Education,DataQuest Accessed May 24,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest ❑ Notes:Languages with 10 or more students designated as English Learner are shown. Total number of speakers refers to all students with this primary language,including those who were identified as Fluent English Proficient(FEP)on initial testing and those who were redesignated as FEP from EL. ❑ Most English Learner(EL) students (about 78%) in WCCUSD in the 2002-03 school year spoke Spanish as their primary language. Most of the remaining EL students spoke an API language. ❑ • About 65% of students with a primary language other than English are designated as ❑ English Learners. This proportion is higher in certain language groups, including Spanish, Tongan, and Portuguese students. ❑ 28 D ❑ Figure 14 ❑ English Learner Student Redesignation Rates WCCUSD, Contra Costa County, and State of California, 1996-2003 ❑ 12 0 _ W ❑ 10 o J y O ❑ O a N A 3 a " ®West Contra Costa USD ElO1 N N OContra Costa County 6 -- -- i ❑ OState of California �,2 sI Q� N a o N n=number of youth redesignated 0 - . 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 ❑ Year r 1 Source: California Department of Education,DataQuest LJ Accessed May 24,2004 from http://datal.cdc.ca.gov/dataquest QNote:The redesignation rate is calculated by dividing the number of redesignated students by the previous year's EL count,then multiplying by 100. ❑ C California's redesignation rates increased slightly in this time period, by approximately 16% between 1996 and 2003. ❑ o Contra Costa County's redesignation rate decreased between 1996 and 2001, falling below the statewide redesignation rate, and increased thereafter. ❑ U Redesignation rates of EL students in WCCUSD have fallen a great deal between ❑ 1996 and 2003, from 9.7 redesignated per 100 EL students in 1996 to 2.5 in 2003, a decline of about 73%. 13 ❑ D 0 29 D D SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: EDUCATION • On the whole, students in West Contra Costa Unified School District (WCCUSD) are D not performing as well as students in the state of California or Contra Costa County. ❑ o While about 50% or more of students tested in the state of California and within Contra Costa County scored at or above grade level on the CAT/6 test, fewer than ❑ 40% of students tested in WCCUSD scored at or above grade level (Figure 3). D • In the 2002-03 school year, the high school dropout rates of all racial groups in ❑ WCCUSD exceeded the state and county average dropout rates (Figure 9). ❑ • While Hispanic and African American youth compose the largest categories of youth both in WCCUSD as a whole and of the high school students in the district, these ❑ groups also have the smallest proportion of students scoring at or above the 501h ❑ National Percentile Rank (NPR) in grades 9, 10, and 11 on the CAT/6 test(Figure 4). ❑ • While Asian youth appear to be achieving good results on this standardized test, the aggregation of Asians into one category obscures the struggles of certain ethnicities ❑ and creates the illusion that all Asian youth are performing well. ❑ o In each grade examined, more than 50% of youth in the Asian category performed at or above grade level in 2002-03, surpassing the national average for all youth ❑ (Figure 4). Further, a higher percentage of Asian youth met UC and/or CSU admittance requirements than any other racial group in the school district, with ❑ only Asian girls surpassing the state average (Figure 10). ❑ o However, when the Asian racial category is disaggregated by ethnicity, significant variation appears. The high scores of ethnicities that comprise a large portion of ❑ the API youth population obscure lower scores of smaller groups when ethnicities are aggregated (Figure 11). ❑ Chinese and Japanese youth, who constitute about a quarter of the API youth ❑ population in Richmond, performed well above the national average on the CAT/6 test; more than three-quarters of the youth tested in the school district ❑ in each of these groups performed at or above grade level. More than half of ❑ the Filipino youth tested, who compose about one-quarter of the API youth population in Richmond, performed at or above grade level. ❑ Almost 70% of Laotian youth tested in the district performed below grade level on the CAT/6 test. Laotian youth compose about one-fifth of ED Richmond's API youth population. 0 While about 48% of Vietnamese students scored at or above the 50`x'NPR, 43% of all Vietnamese students tested below the 25'"NPR. Vietnamese youth Q comprise less than 5% of the API youth population in Richmond. • Students with certain demographic characteristics did not perform as well as other ❑ youth on the CAT/6 test in Richmond. Youth of certain API ethnicities and Hispanic youth were more likely than other students to have these characteristics. D ❑ 30 ❑ o Fewer economically disadvantaged students performed at or above grade level on ❑ the CAT/6 test than did non-economically disadvantaged students (Figure 6). As demonstrated by the demographics of the area, it is more likely that students from 0 certain ethnic backgrounds in Richmond, including Hispanic, Laotian, and Vietnamese youth, are economically disadvantaged (Tables 4 and 5). ❑ o The educational attainment of parents was associated with the achievement of ❑ students on the CAT/6, with fewer students whose parents have lower levels of education testing at grade level or above than students of parents with higher ❑ levels of education(Figure 7). In Richmond,youth of particular ethnic ❑ backgrounds, including Hispanic,Vietnamese and Laotian youth, are more likely to have parents with lower educational levels (Table 3). ❑ • English Learner(EL) students are also struggling. About 78% of the district's EL Cl students spoke Spanish as their primary language. Most of the remaining students spoke one of a wide variety of API languages. ❑ o Less than 15% of EL students in any grade examined tested at or above the 50th ❑ NPR on the CAT/6 exam in the 2002-03 school year (Figure 8).Further, redesignation rates of EL students in WCCUSD have declined about 73% ❑ between 1996 and 2003 (Figure 14). ❑ o The number of EL students increased steadily from 1995 to 2003 in WCCUSD (+69.7%), Contra Costa County (+85.6%), and the state of California(+26.6%) ❑ (Figures 12 and 13). These rising numbers make the issues facing EL students even more critical. ❑ o Different ethnic groups are variously impacted by these issues. About 65% of ❑ students with a primary language other than English are designated as English Learner. This proportion is higher in certain language groups, including Spanish, 0 Tongan, and Portuguese students (Table 7). 0 ❑ 31 ❑ DATA SECTION 3: JUVENILE JUSTICE ❑ The juvenile justice data were obtained from a variety of official sources at the national, ❑ state, and local levels. National data were derived from the Federal Bureau of D Investigation's annual Universal Crime Reports. State data pertaining to juvenile arrests and flow through the juvenile justice system came from the Criminal Justice Statistics Center, under the California Attorney General's office, and the California Youth Authority. Local juvenile arrest data, detailed below, were provided by the Richmond Police Department. ❑ Juvenile arrest data in Richmond came from a computer printout, spanning 1990 to 2003, provided to NCCD by the Richmond Police Department. Unincorporated areas of Richmond, which are under the jurisdiction of the Contra Costa County Sheriff's D Department, are not included in the dataset. D Because the data were given in printed form, the width of each column of information was limited by the space available on the printed page, resulting in some words being cut ❑ off. This constraint produced some undesirable effects in the data, including charge codes D that were ambiguous. Records that contained unclear data were kept in the dataset and placed in the category of"Other" for the type of crime, with the possible effect of artificially inflating the size of this category. The printout was then scanned and copied into a computer program, the Statistics Package for Social Scientists (SPSS), for analysis. D Despite these minor limitations, the resulting dataset provided a useful picture of juvenile arrests in Richmond from 1990 to 2003. ❑ Several changes were made to the dataset provided by the Richmond Police Department in order to prepare it for analysis: ❑ o Race: In order to examine arrest data based on race, some changes were made to the D dataset using a surname database previously created by NCCD. Upon examining the original dataset, it was found that most youth with Asian or Pacific Islander surnames co had been placed into the racial category of"Other," and that, while codes for these D API groups existed, very few API youth had been categorized into specific ethnic groups. The surname database was used to recode the races and ethnicities of those in the "Asian"and"Other"categories into specific API ethnicities based on the last names of the youth. The database was compiled from various sources including D websites and resource manuals and was updated continuously with commonly used names that were not already in the dataset. In the Richmond dataset, youth were assigned an ethnic group based on the ❑ corresponding group in the surname database. Last names that appeared multiple E3 surname (i.e., were commonly used in several ethnic groups) or were not included in the surname database were given as a list to several community based organizations in the Richmond area, which were asked to identify the ethnic groups of the youth. The community groups were instructed that if a surname was used for several different D groups, they were to indicate which group predominated in the area. If there was a lack of consensus between the various groups or if the community groups were 0 32 ❑ unsure of the origin of the last name, those youth were placed into "Other" or ❑ "Other/Unidentified Asian" based on the recommendation of the community groups. ❑ • Age: Prior to 1998, the age of youth was not included in the records. In order to have this data, the birth dates and dates of arrest of the youth were used to calculate age at ❑ the time of the arrest for this period. From 1998 on, the ages provided were used. At D this point, several records were removed from the dataset, as it was found that some people were above age 17 at the time of arrest. ❑ • Type of Crime: Using Bureau of Justice Statistics definitions, a crime type was ❑ assigned to all cases with a valid charge code. This method of assignment allowed for analysis of broad categories of crime. Crimes against the person include murder, manslaughter, rape, other sexual [ assault, robbery, assault(including with a deadly weapon), battery, criminal endangerment, and other violent offenses. ❑ Property offenses include burglary, trespassing, larceny, grand and petty theft, fraud, embezzlement, vandalism, destruction of property, criminal tampering, possession, selling, and buying of stolen property, and other property offenses. a Drug offenses include drug possession, drug manufacturing, drug trafficking, and other drug offenses. C) Crimes against the public order include driving under the influence, evading arrest, obstruction, commercialized vice, morals and decency charges 0 (including gambling), disturbing the peace, liquor law violations, and other C3 Weapons order offenses. Weapons offenses include illegal firearm possession and other weapons offenses. ❑ Outside warrants refer to warrants that are issued by police departments or law enforcement agencies other than the Richmond Police Department. E3 Other includes all arrests that did not have a valid charge code or arrests that did not fit into any other category. ❑ • Unique Identifiers: Arrests were identified as "unique or not" within a year by comparing the name and birth date. An arrest is counted as unique if the youth in 0 question was arrested only once in a given calendar year. If a youth was arrested more J than once in one year, only the first time that he or she was arrested in that year is n counted as unique. Determining the number of unique arrests in a particular year, as opposed to only examining total arrests, is important because the number of unique ❑' arrests is a better indicator of how many youth become involved with the juvenile justice system each year. Q Because the names of youth varied in how they were entered in the database (some included middle names, nicknames, or spelling variations),the process of assigning ❑ unique identifiers to each youth had to be manually conducted rather than using a computer script and was.therefore a subjective process. In the assignment process, [� names were examined first. When similar but not identical names appeared, the birth ❑ date was then checked. Only when the birth dates of multiple records were identical El 0 33 ❑ and the names were substantially similar were different records categorized as ❑ belonging to the same youth. ❑ Arrest Location: In a preliminary examination of the dataset, it was noticed that addresses containing the words "Hilltop Mall" occurred at a very high rate as the 0 location of arrest for juveniles. While researchers looked for other addresses that had Q high numbers of arrests and attempted to determine where these places were, no other identifiable location had more arrests than Hilltop Mall. In order to perform an analysis that differentiated between arrests that took place at Hilltop Mall or elsewhere, the location of each arrest incident was classified into one category based a on whether an address was located on Hilltop Mall Circle. This then defined these arrests as having occurred at Hilltop Mall or not at Hilltop Mall. a ED El El 0 D C� ❑ 34 a a a National CQ a a ❑ Table 8 ❑ Ten-Year Changes in Juvenile Arrests by Race and Type of Crime United States, 1993-2002 Violent Crime Property Crime Crime Index ❑ 1993 2002 %chane 1993 2002 %chane 1993 2002 %change African American 60,026 28,448 -52.6% 158,850 94,679 -40.4% 218,876 123,127 -43.7% ❑ Asian or Pacific Islander 1,518 959 -36.8% 11,586 6,726 -41.9% 13,104 7,685 -41.4% Native American 807 686 -15.0% 7,273 4,625 -36.4% 8,080 5,311 -34.3% a White 57,123 36,297 -36.5% 412,348 242,250 -41.3% 469,471 278,547 -40.7% jTotal 119,474 66,390 -44.4% 590,057 348,280 -41.0% 709,531 414,670 1 41.6% LTJ Sources: Federal Bureau of Investigation,Crime in the United States, 1993, received August 2,2004;Federal aBureau of Investigation,Crime in the United States, 2002, accessed August 2,2004 from www.fbi.gov/ucr/02cius.htm Note: Violent crimes are offenses of murder,forcible rape,robbery,and aggravated assault. Property crimes are ❑ offenses of burglary,larceny-theft,motor vehicle theft,and arson.The crime index is the aggregation of violent crimes and property crimes. a U From 1993 to 2002,juvenile arrests for violent and property crime decreased by more 0 than 40% each. The overall decrease in juvenile arrests was reflected across all racial ❑ groups. a There was a larger decrease in total juvenile arrests for violent crime(44.4%) than for property crime (41.0%). However, arrests of white,Native American, and API youth for property crimes decreased more than for violent crimes. ❑ o African American youth had the largest decrease in arrests for violent crimes (-52.6%), while API youth had the largest decline in arrests for property crimes d (41.9%). a a a a a a a a 35 0 q C� a ❑ Table 9 Five-Year Changes in Juvenile Arrests by Race and Type of Crime ❑ United States, 1998-2002 ❑ Violent Crime Property Crime Crime Index 1998 2002 %chane 1998 2002 % chane 1998 2002 %change E3 African American 33,703 28,448 -15.6% 112,448 94,679 -15.8% 146,151 123,127 -15.8% ❑ Asian or Pacific Islander 1,175 959 -18.4% 8,527 6,726 -21.1% 9,702 7,685 -20.8% Native American 740 686 -7.3% 5,661 4,625 -18.3% 6,401 5,311 -17.0% ❑ White 144,001 36,297 -17.5% 296,673 242,250 -18.3% 340,674 278,547 -18.20/( Total 179,619 166,390 1 -16.6% 1423,309 1 348,280 1 -17.7% 502,928 1 414,670 Sources:Federal Bureau of Investigation,Crime in the United Stales, 1998, accessed August 2,2004 from www.fbi.gov/ucr/98cius.htm;Federal Bureau of Investigation,Crime in the United States, 2002, accessed August 2,2004 from www.fbi.gov/ucr/02cius.htm • Between 1998 and 2002,juvenile arrests in the crime index decreased by 17.5%, with ❑ a larger decrease in arrests for property crimes (-17.7%) than in arrests for violent 13 crimes (-16.6%). All racial subgroups reflected this trend. • In this time period, API youth experienced the largest declines in both violent and property crimes (-18.4% and -21.1%, respectively). 0 d CD Q a Cl a 36 State of California 0 Table 10 Juvenile Felony Arrests by Year and Gender California, 1990.2002 ❑ Total Male Female 1990 91,373 80,843 10,530 1991 93,665 82,387 11,278 1992 93,484 81,560 11,924 1993 91,973 79,869 12,104 1994 91,999 79,670 1 12,329 1995 87,916 76,059 11,857 Q 1996 1 85,640 73,810 11,830 1997 82,748 70,550 12,198 r^i 1998 76,104 64,524 11,580 L 9 1999 68,503 57,654 10,849 2000 63,889 1 52,996 1 10,893 2001 63,993 1 52,909 1 11,084 El 1 2002 1 61,539 1 50,859 1 10,680 Source:Criminal Justice Statistics Center,California Department of Justice,California Criminal Justice Profiles. Accessed August 2,2004 from http://caag.state.ca.us/cjsc/publications/profiles/pub.htm O From 1990 to 2002, total juvenile felony arrests in California decreased by 32.7%, reflecting the national trend of declining juvenile arrests. The number of juvenile felony arrests peaked in the early 1990s and steadily declined thereafter. 0 Felony arrests for male juveniles in California reflect this overall trend, decreasing by O 3 7.1%between 1990 and 2002. • While the number of felony arrests for female juveniles was significantly less than Q that of male juveniles in each year, female juveniles did not experience the same decline in felony arrests as male juveniles. Felony arrests of female juveniles Q fluctuated between about 10,000 and 12,000 between 1990 and 2002. Q E Q d 37 E E ❑ Table 11 ❑ Juvenile Misdemeanor Arrests by Year and Gender California, 1990.2002 Total Male Female ❑ 1990 127,543 97,334 30,209 1991 128,083 97,337 30,746 ❑ 1992 130,611 98,638 31,973 1993 139,039 104,595 34,444 Cl 1994 137,896 103,357 34,539 1995 141,559 105,755 35,804 1996 151,462 113,514 37,948 ❑ 1997 154,137 115,905 38,232 1998 154,048 115,150 38,898 ❑ 1999 146,883 109,970 36,913 2000 139,669 103,623 36,046 2001 136,480 100,223 36,257 2002 132,475 96,337 36,138 ro Source:Criminal Justice Statistics Center,California Department of Justice,California Criminal Justice Profiles. �j Accessed August 2,2004 from http://caag.state.ca.us/cjsc/publications/profiles/pub.htm ❑ • Total juvenile misdemeanor arrests increased steadily from 127,543 arrests in 1990 to ❑ a peak of 154,137 arrests in 1997. After that peak,the number of juvenile misdemeanor arrests decreased steadily to 132,475 arrests in 2002. Between 1990 and [� 2002, there was an overall increase in juvenile misdemeanor arrests of 3.9%. • Male and female juvenile misdemeanor arrests followed the same general pattern. Q However, by 2002, the number of misdemeanor arrests for male youth fell to below the 1990 level. In contrast, the number of misdemeanor arrests of female juveniles was significantly higher in 2002 than it was in 1990 (+19.6%). ED 38 F! Figure 15 Population Institutionalized in the California Youth Authority by Race ❑ California, 1993.2002 ❑ Thousands 5 N m q _... _ Hispanic 0 15 c 3 ❑ r o African American r 0 2 _......... _... _.._. ___... a Z White ❑ Asian 0 Othe 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 ❑ Source: California Youth Authority,A Comparison of the Youth Authority's Institution and Parole Populations, 1993-2002. Accessed August 2,2004 from www.cya.ca.gov/research/pops_93-02.pdf Please see Appendix B,Table B 1 for N's. U • The number of youth institutionalized in the California Youth Authority (CYA) rose between 1993 and 1996 and then decreased steadily until 2002. • Even though the number of Hispanic youth institutionalized in the CYA decreased overall in this period, the representation of these youth increased in comparison to ❑ other ethnic/racial groups throughout the period, going from 44.0%to 48.0%. • Similarly, the number of Asian youth institutionalized also decreased, but their [� representation remained about the same, increasing through much of the period and falling back to the 1993 level by 2002. • In contrast, while the number of African American youth institutionalized in the CYA 0 decreased in this period,the representation of these youth in the CYA also simultaneously decreased. ❑ 39 D D Table 12 ❑ Population Institutionalized in the California Youth Authority by Gender California, 1993-2002 Total Male Female 11 1993 8,556 96.7% 3.3% ❑ 1994 8,863 96.8% 3.2% 1995 9,821 96.7% 3.3% ❑ 1996 10,122 96.3% 3.7% 1997 1 8,874 96.6% 1 3.4% ❑ 1998 8,297 96.2% 3.8% 1999 7,761 95.8% 4.2% ❑ 2000 7,482 95.6% 4.4% ❑ 2001 6,942 95.3% 4.7% 2002 5,954 95.3% 4.7% ❑ Source:California Youth Authority,A Comparison of the Youth Authority's Institution and Parole Populations, 1993-2002. Accessed August 2,2004 from www.cya.ca.gov/research/pops_93-02.pdf o The total population of youth institutionalized in the California Youth Authority peaked in 1996 and steadily declined thereafter. The population in 2002 is the ❑ smallest in the last decade, 41.2% lower than the peak in 1996. U Over the last decade, the representation of female youth in the CYA has increased ❑ from 3.3% to 4.7%, an increase of 42%. This increasing representation of girls is ❑ obscured by the general decline in the overall institutionalized population of the CYA. ❑ 40 El ❑ ❑ Table 13 ❑ Flow of Youth through the Juvenile Justice System by Race/Ethnicity California, 2003 Population Referred to Out of Home ❑ (ages 10-17 Probation Petitioned Placement Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number I Percent ❑ Asian/Pacific Islander 539,529 11.9% 5,658 3.7% 3,101 3.5% 719 2.9% African American 334,124 7.4% 29,925 19.3% 17,255 19.6% 5,262 21.0% ❑ Hispanic 1,813,201 40.1% 66,949 43.2% 39,635 45.1% 12,779 50.9% Native American 23,303 0.5% 921 0.6% 504 0.6% 111 0.4% ❑ Other/Unknown -- -- 41823 3.1% 2,367 2.7% 464 1.8% El [White 1,809,6641 40.0% 46,6781 30.1%1 25,065 28.5% 5,771 29.0% Total 1 4,519,8211100.0%1 154,9541 100.0%1 87,927100.0% 25,106 100.00/6 ❑ Source: Criminal Justice Statistics Center,California Department of Justice.Juvenile Justice in California, 2003. ❑ Accessed September 2,2004 from http://caag.state.ca.us/cjsc/publications/misc/jj03/preface.pdf ❑ a In 2003 in California, Hispanic,Native American, and African American youth were disproportionately referred to probation. For Hispanic and African American youth, (� this discrepancy grew as youth went further into the juvenile justice system, with their representation increasing at each successive step. ❑ a In contrast, API and white youth experienced a low arrest rate and subsequently less ❑ representation at each step further into the juvenile justice system. D ED El ❑ 41 ❑ Table 14 ❑ Probation Department Outcomes for Youth Who Did Not Have Petitions Filed Against Them, California, 2003 ❑ Total Asian/Pacific African Hispanic American Indian Other or White ❑ Islander American Unknown ❑ Closed 52,236 77.9% 2,095 81.9% 11,066 87.3% 21,681 79.4% 303 72.7% 1,858 75.7% 15,233 70.57 Transferred 1,334 2.0% 62 2.4% 199 1.6% 320 1.2% 8 1.9% 69 2.8% 676 3.1% ❑ Deported 9 0.0%1 0 0.0%1 0 0.0%1 6 0.0%1 0 0.0% 3 0.1% 0 0.0% Traffic Court 1,255 1.9% 25 1.0% 34 0.3% 450 1.6% 18 4.3% 86 3.5% 642 3.0% ❑ Direct File- 410 0.6% 33 1.3% 77 0.6% 212 0.8% 1 0.2% 5 0.2% 82 0.4% Adult Court Informal 5,490 8.2% 221 8.6% 668 5.3% 2,271 8.3% 45 10.6% 221 9.0% 2,064 9.5% ❑ Probation Diversion 1 6,293 9.4% 121 4.7% 626 4.9% 2,374 8.7% 42 10.1% 214 8.7% 2,916 13.5% ❑ Total I 67,027 100.0% 2,557 100.0% 12,670 100.0% 27,314 100.0% 417 100.0% 2,456 100.0% 21,613 100.0% ❑ Source:Criminal Justice Statistics Center,California Department of Justice.Juvenile Justice in California, 2003. Accessed September 2,2004 from http://caag.state.ca.us/cjsc/publications/mise/jj03/preface.pdf Note:A petition is filed by the probation department after a referral asking for formal juvenile court action,This ❑ process is similar to the filing of charges in adult court. ❑ U The cases of most youth(77.9%) who were not petitioned in California in 2003 were ❑ closed. A significant portion of the remaining youth was placed in diversion programs (9.4%) or on informal probation(8.2%). These two statistics are notable, because they ❑ demonstrate that even though these youth are not formally part of the juvenile justice system,they still are involved with it. ❑ a White youth were less likely than other juveniles to have their case closed if they were not petitioned (70.5%)but were more likely than other youth to be placed in a ❑ diversion program (13.5%). ❑ • While API youth were more likely than most groups to have their case closed (81.9%), those who did not have their case closed were more likely to be placed on ❑ informal probation (8.6%) and less likely to be placed in a diversionary program (4.7%). ❑ • Significantly, API youth were also much more likely to have their cases filed directly in adult court than any other group. While 0.6% of all youth had their cases directly ❑ filed in adult court, API youth were twice as likely to have this occur, with 1.3% of ❑ their cases filed directly in adult court. ❑ 42 ❑ Table 15 Type of Defense Representation for Youth Petitioned by Race/Ethnicity ❑ California, 2003 ❑ Total Asian/Pacific African American Hispanic American Other or White Islander Indian Unknown # % # % # % # % # % # % # % None 5,003 5.7% 170 5.5% 450 2.6% 3,156 8.0% 16 3.2% 74 3.1% 1,137 4.5% ❑ Private Counsel 4,698 5.3% 292 9.4% 535 3.1% 1,849 4.7% 25 5.0% 161 6.8% 1,836 7.3% ❑ Court Appointed 16,495 18.8% 462 14.9% 4,110 23.8% 7,809 19.7% 107 21.2% 291 12.3% 3,716 14.8% ❑ Counsel Public 49,961 56.8% 1,493 48.1% 8,694 50.4% 23,675 59.7% 290 57.5%11,453 61.4% 14,356 57.3% Defender ❑ Other 226 0.3% 6 0.2% 21 0.1% 90 0.2% 4 0.8% 9 0.4% 96 0.4% ❑ Unknown 11,544 13.1% 678 21.9% 3,445 20.0% 3,056 7.7% 62 12.3% 379 16.0% 3,924 15.7% Total 87,9271100.0%13,1011100.0%1 17,25,51100.0% 39,639 100.0% 504 100.0% 2,367 100.0% 25,065 100.0% ❑ Source:Criminal Justice Statistics Center,California Department of Justice.Juvenile Justice in California, 2003. ❑ Accessed September 2,2004 from http://caag.state.ca.us/cjsc/publications/misc/jj03/preface.pdf ❑ • Defense representation, while not required in the juvenile system and designed to be non-adversarial, can play an important role in advocating for youth involved in the �] juvenile justice system. Youth without adequate representation might be less likely to have a positive outcome or to have their needs met by the system. ❑ . Most juveniles petitioned in California in 2003 were represented by a public defender ❑ (56.8%) or by court-appointed counsel (18.8%). • Hispanic youth were more likely than other races/ethnicities to have no defense ❑ representation(8.0%). • API youth were the second most likely to have no defense representation (5.5%). ❑ They were also the most likely to have private counsel (9.4%). However, a high ❑ proportion of the defense representation of API youth was unknown(21.9%), so it is difficult to draw accurate conclusions about the defense representation of API youth. El El ❑ 43 City of Richmond ❑ Race/Ethnicity Table 16 ❑ Total Juvenile Arrests by Race/Ethnicity and Year ❑ Richmond, 1990-2003 ❑ EthnicityYear of Arrest Total 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 ❑ African 398 514 439 458 567 513 423 385 511 443 421 329 422 305 6,128 American ❑ Asian/Pacific 22 25 30 49 43 34 29 27 65 42 42 30 40 30 508 Islander ❑ Hispanic 56 54 51 50 82 116 109 73 103 96 82 105 119 119 1,215 White 21 34 29 30 47 34 33 16 51 34 41 23 23 33 449 ❑ Other 0 3 2 2 5 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 4 .31 ❑ Asian Indian 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 2 0 1 3 21 Cambodian 0 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 0 1 2 1 1 20 ❑ Chinese 1 2 0 4 6 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 24 Filipino 4 9 7 14 6 7 3 3 3 12 5 2 8 6 89 ❑ Japanese 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 2 3 0 0 0 10 Korean 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 ❑ Laotian 8 8 13 24 18 18 14 18 47 16 22 16 1 21 9 252 Pacific 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 13 ❑ Islander ❑ Vietnamese 1 1 0 1 2 0 4 1 1 2 3 6 4 5 2 3 34 Other Asian 3 3 1 1 2 3 5 1 3 1 4 4 5 6 42 ❑ Total 497 630 551 589 744 698 597 504 733 616 587 488 606 491 8,331 ❑ Source:Richmond Police Department Note: Tota/arrests include multiple arrests of the same youth,For this data for unique arrests(in which each ❑ youth is only counted once a year regardless of how many arrest incidents the youth was involved in),please see Appendix B,Table B2 for N's. ❑ • Juvenile arrests in Richmond rose in the 1990s, peaking in 1994 and again in 1998, before falling after 1999. The number of juvenile arrests in 2003 was lower than in ❑ 1990. • Arrests of African American youth fluctuated throughout this time span, finishing the ❑ period at a level 23% lower than the beginning. • Other racial groups experienced a general rise in arrests, most notably Hispanic ❑ juveniles (+112.5%). White youth and API youth also had a general increase (+57% ❑ and +36%, respectively). • Of the API subgroups, Laotian youth had the most total arrests in this period, with a ❑ peak of 47 arrests in 1998. In the time span shown here, Laotian youth contributed about half of the API arrests in Richmond, while in 2000, Laotian youth only made ❑ up about 22% of the city's API population. ❑ 44 El ❑ Table 17 ❑ Juvenile Arrest Rate Per Hundred of the Juvenile Population, by Race/Ethnicity Richmond, 2000 ❑ Total Arrest Juvenile Arrest Rate ❑ Ethnicity Incidents in Population Per 100 in 2000 10-177 YearsPopulationpopulation African American 421 5,139 8 ❑ Vietnamese 4 64 6 Laotian 22 439 5 ❑ White 41 1,504 3 Cambodian 1 30 3 ❑ Japanese 3 107 3 El Asian 82 3,477 2 Asian Indian 2 160 1 ❑ Filipino 5 462 1 Chinese 1 380 0 ❑ American Indian 0 122 0 Korean 0 50 0 ❑ Pacific Islander 0 129 0 Other Asian 4 - ❑ Other 1 - - ❑ Sources:Richmond Police Department;U.S.Census Bureau,Census 2000. Accessed June 1,2004 from http://factfinder.census.gov Note:The category of Other Asian includes youth who could be identified as Asian by their surname,but the ❑ specific Asian ethnicity could not be determined. Because these juveniles could not be placed in their proper ethnic category,the arrest numbers/rates for specific Asian ethnicities may be higher than shown here. © • African American youth have both the highest number of total arrests and the highest ❑ arrest rate (8 per 100 in population). • Arrest rates reveal that even communities with seemingly low numbers of arrests may ❑ be heavily affected. Vietnamese and Laotian youth have the second and third highest ❑ arrest rates (6 and 5 per 100 in the population, respectively), while having relatively low numbers of arrests (4 and 22, respectively). El EJ ❑ ❑ 45 ❑ ❑ Figure 16 ❑ Type of Crime Committed for Total Juvenile Arrests,for All Youth and API Youth Richmond, 1990-2003 D All Juveniles API Juveniles Property n=8,331 Property n=508 51.2% 71.9% ❑ Person Weapons J 16.8% 4.4% __Person ❑ Public Order _ 112% 4.5% Drug Weapons_ .,\ —pig ❑ Outside Warrant 12'1% 3'7% 4.7% 8.8% —IPublic Order Other Other 1.8% 3.0% 22% Outside Warrant 3.7% Source:Richmond Police Department Note: Please see Appendix B,Table B3(all youth)and B4(API youth)for tables of this data disaggregated by ❑ year. ❑ U API juveniles were arrested for property crimes over 70% of the time. In contrast, property crimes constituted about half of the offenses for all juveniles arrested during the period 1990 to 2003. 0 While drug crimes comprised about 12% of the offenses of all juveniles arrested in this time period, they accounted for less than 5% of arrests of API juveniles. D D D ❑ 46 ❑ Gender El Table 18 ❑ Total Female Juvenile Arrests by Race/Ethnicity and Year ❑ Richmond, 1990-2003 ❑ Ethnicity Year of Arrest Total 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 13 African 40 74 73 68 109 79 80 81 146 136 145 88 137 93 1,349 American ❑ Asian/Pacific Islander 5 8 6 8 11 3 2 1 13 19 13 8 19 4 120 ❑ Hispanic 4 6 8 12 11 11 16 10 7 24 12 16 31 42 210 ❑ White 6 10 8 9 11 9 6 7 6 14 13 8 8 13 128 Other 0 3 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 13 ❑ Asian Indian 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 5 Cambodian 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 6 ❑ Chinese 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Filipino 2 5 4 4 2 2 0 0 1 8 1 0 4 1 0 33 ❑ Japanese 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 r 1 Korean 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 L I Laotian 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 1 1 7 5 5 2 10 2 38 Pacific 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ❑ Islander ❑ Vietnamese 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 4 2 3 0 1 16 Other Asian 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 2 4 1 14 ❑ Total 55 101 97 97 143 102 106 99 173 194 183 120 197 1 153 1,820 ❑ Source: Richmond Police Department Note: Total arrests include multiple arrests of the same youth.For this dataset's unique arrests(in which each ❑ youth is only counted once a year regardless of how many arrest incidents the youth was involved in),please see Appendix B,Table B5. ❑ • The total number of female juveniles arrested in Richmond fluctuated a great deal but generally increased during this time, with an overall gain of 178% between 1990 and ❑ 2003. • Arrests of African American girls constituted almost 75% of the total juvenile female ❑ arrests in this time period. • Together, Laotian and Filipino girls contributed almost 60% of the total arrests of ❑ female API juveniles between 1990 and 2003. El 11 47 ❑ Table 19 ❑ Total Male Juvenile Arrests by Race/Ethnicity and Year ❑ Richmond, 1990-2003 Ethnicity Year of Arrest Total ❑ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1 2000 2001 1 2002 2003 African 358 440 366 390 458 434 343 304 365 307 276 241 285 21 EJ American 2 4,779 Asian/Pacific 17 17 24 41 32 31 27 26 52 23 29 22 21 26 Islander 388 ❑ Hispanic 52 48 43 38 71 105 93 63 96 72 70 89 88 77 1,005 E3 White 15 24 21 21 36 25 27 9 45 20 28 15 15 20 321 ❑ Other 0 0 0 2 4 1 1 1 3 2 0 1 1 0 3 18 Asian Indian 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 4 1 2 0 0 3 16 ❑ Cambodian 0 2 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 14 Chinese 1 0 0 4 5 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 20 ❑ Filipino 2 4 3 10 4 5 3 3 2 4 4 2 4 6 56 Japanese 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 8 ❑ Korean 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 D Laotian 8 8 13 21 16 18 13 1 17 40 1 11 17 14 11 7 214 Pacific 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 ❑ Islander Vietnamese 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 18 ❑ Other Asian 3 2 1 1 i1 3 4 1 2 1 1 2 1 528 Total 442 529 454 492 601 596 491 405 560 422 404 368 409 338 6,511 ❑ Source: Richmond Police Department n Note: Tota/arrests include multiple arrests of the same youth.For this dataset's unique arrests(in which each youth is only counted once a year regardless of how many arrest incidents the youth was involved in),please see ❑ Appendix B,Table B6. ❑ s The total number of arrests of male juveniles fluctuated widely during the period ❑ examined, with arrest numbers after 2000 generally lower than those in the 1990s. When examined by race, the number of male juvenile arrests also varied widely. 0 Fewer African American juveniles were arrested in 2000 and later than were arrested in the 1990s. The number of African American male youth arrested was about 40% ❑ lower in 2003 than in 1990. • In contrast, while there was a great deal of variation throughout this period, the ❑ number of Hispanic male youth arrested was about 48%higher in 2003 than in 1990. ❑ • The number of arrests of white and API male juveniles varied drastically from year to year (notably in 1997 and 1998), but generally remained between about 15 and 30 [] arrests per year for each group. • Laotian youth accounted for one-third of the arrests of male API juveniles between ❑ 1990 and 2003. D ❑ 48 ❑ Figure 17 ❑ Type of Crime Committed for Total Juvenile Arrests by Gender ❑ Richmond, 1990-2003 Male Female Property Property 46.7% 67.3% E3 _Person ❑ Weapons J 17.7% 5.2% Person Public Order —" Weapons 13.3% 4.8% Drug 1.8% Drug 14.7% Outside Warrant_ Public Order 2.7% D8.7% 3.5% Other n=1,820 Other n=6,551 2.3% ❑ 2.2% Outside Warrant 9.1% Source:Richmond Police Department ❑ Note: Please see Appendix B,Table B7(female youth)and B8(male youth)for tables of this data disaggregated by year. ❑ O More than 45% of the arrests of male juveniles during this period were for property crimes, while about 67% of the arrests of female juveniles were for property offenses. ❑ a Only 2.7% of female juvenile arrests were for drug crimes, while 14.7% of the arrests of male juveniles were for drug crimes. ❑ O A smaller portion of the arrests of female youth was due to weapons offenses (1.8%) ❑ or crimes against the person(13.3%) than for male juveniles (5.2% and 17.7%, respectively). D El ❑ ❑ 49 Special Focus: Hilltop Mall ❑ Figure 18 ❑ Location of Arrest for All Youth and AN Youth Richmond, 1990.2003 All Youth 100% ❑ ❑ 80% - ❑ 60% - - - - - - ❑ ❑Not at Hilltop W11 u =Hilltop Mall d ❑ a 40% ❑ 20% 0% oil ❑ �A jS �S �A �9 �9 �,q �9 �S �9 �O �O �O �O `90 9� �9� `90 9y 9�. 96 Aj X98 99 00 O� 02 00 f 1, Year U Source:Richmond Police Department El API Youth El 100% N 80% ❑ 60% aa) ONot at Hilltop Wit 2 NHilltop NI@II L J o- 40% ❑ 20% ❑ 0% C31 70 700 -9 70 70 ro 70 70 70 70 `Do `DO PO -O LJ 90 7 92 90 9Q 9S. 9a, V> 90 99 % O> 02 00 ❑ Year Source: Richmond Police Department ❑ • After 1997, 20% or more of arrests of all youth in Richmond took place at Hilltop ❑ Mall. • A high proportion of API youth arrests took place at Hilltop Mall, especially in the ❑ early 1990s and after 1998. ❑ 50 D Figure 19 ❑ Location of Juvenile Arrests by Gender ❑ Richmond, 1990-2003 Male I I 1OU% ❑ 80% _ _ _ ❑ 60°ro ONot at Hilltop Mall 2 OHilltop Mall 40% - - - 20% - o rn � O 0 0 ❑ 0 X99 rA9 �'Q �`9J x`99 x`99 X99 �'99 x`99 x'99 00 200 200 200 O 7 2 0 v IP G � 8 9 O / 2 v' ❑ Year Source:Richmond Police Department ❑ Female 100% a rn rn w w w rn m o rn m a a m co m N W a o m m rn m El 80% ❑ 60% - - - ONot at Hilltop Mall ❑ =Hilltop Mall El a 40% ❑ 20% - - 0% - ❑ �9 79 j9 "9 �9 �9 79 79 79 �9 20 20 20 20 90 9� 92 90 9y 9� 96, 9� 9� 99 00 O> 02 00 ❑ Y ear ❑ Source:Richmond Police Department ❑ • In every year examined, a higher percentage of the arrests of female juveniles occurred at Hilltop Mall than arrests of male juveniles. In 2003, female juvenile ❑ arrestees were three times more likely to have been arrested at Hilltop Mall than male juvenile arrestees. ❑ 51 ❑ Figure 20 ❑ Type of Crime Committed for Total Juvenile Arrests by Arrest Location and Gender ❑ Richmond, 1990-2003 ❑ Not Arrested at the Niall Female Male Property ❑ Property 42.0% 47.1% ❑ _Other 52.9% Other 58.0% n=1,048 n=5,799 �I Arrested at the Niall U Female Male Property Property 94.7% 85.4% _Other Other 5.3% 14.6% ❑ n=772 n=712 Source:Richmond Police Department O As previously shown in Figure 17, female youth in Richmond were much more likely ❑ to have been arrested for property offenses than male youth. About 47% of the arrests of male juveniles were for property offenses, while about 67% of the arrests of female ❑ youth were for property offenses. ❑ a When the location of arrest (Hilltop Mall or not) was controlled for, the differences between the types of crime for which male and female youth were arrested decreased ❑ substantially. At Hilltop Mall, 95% of the arrests of girls were for property offenses, while 85% of the arrests of male youth were. Away from the mall, 47% of the arrests ❑ of female youth were for property crimes, compared to 42%of boys. 11 El ❑ 52 Figure 21 ❑ Type of Crime Committed for Total Juvenile Arrests by Arrest Location and Race ❑ Richmond, 1990-2003 Not Arrested at the Mall API youth All youth 13 ❑ Property Property_ 65.6% 42.7% _Other _Other 34.4% 57.3% n=363 n=6,847 Arrested at the Mall API youth All youth Property_ Property_ 87.6% Other 90.2% Other —12.4% 9.8% El ❑ n=145 n=1,484 ❑ Source: Richmond Police Department o As shown in Figure 16, between 1990 and 2003 API youth were much more likely to Q have been arrested for property crimes than were all juvenile arrestees. More than ❑ 50% of all juvenile arrests were for property crimes, compared to 72% of API youth arrests. o When the arrest location(Hilltop Mall or not) is controlled for, this relationship changes. A large difference remains between the proportions of all youth and of API ❑ youth arrested for property crimes somewhere other than the mall, with 66% of API youth arrested for property crimes, while 43% of all youth were arrested for property ❑ offenses. However, at the mall,this difference disappears. About 88% of API youth and 90% of all youth arrested at Hilltop Mall were arrested for property crimes. El El ri ❑ 53 ❑ El [l SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: JUVENILE JUSTICE • In general,juvenile arrests have decreased at state and federal levels over the last 10 ❑ years, a trend that is not reflected in the city of Richmond. ❑ o This decrease in arrests is experienced by all racial and ethnic groups. For all major racial groups,juvenile arrests in the United States have decreased by about [� 40% between 1993 and 2002 (Table 8). Similarly, the overall population of the California Youth Authority has decreased in this time period, a trend that is ❑ generally apparent in all racial groups (Figure 15). ❑ o In contrast, in the city of Richmond, while the total number of juvenile males arrested has decreased, there is not a clear corresponding decline in total juvenile ❑ arrests during the last decade (Tables 16 and 19). ❑ ■ In fact,the number of female juvenile arrests increased dramatically over this time period, by 178% between 1990 and 2003 (Table 18). ❑ ■ Further, certain racial and ethnic groups have shown increases in the number of juvenile arrests between 1990 and 2003. The arrests of Hispanic youth increased by 112.5%, white youth by 57%, and API youth by 36% (Table 16). • The apparent declines in the total arrest numbers for juveniles at the state and federal ❑ levels during the past decade were not reflected in decreases in the arrests of juvenile ❑ females. o Between 1990 and 2002 in the state of California, the number of felony arrests of [] female juveniles stayed relatively stable and the number of misdemeanor arrests El of female juveniles increased by about 20% (Tables 10 and 11). o Between 1993 and 2002, the percentage of female youth in the California Youth [] Authority rose from 3.3%to 4.7%, an increase of 42% (Table 12). n� o In Richmond, the total number of female arrests increased dramatically between U 1990 and 2003. This increase was reflected across all racial groups (Table 18). • Different racial and ethnic groups have differing experiences in the California ❑ juvenile justice system. ❑ o Certain racial groups become increasingly disproportionately represented in the juvenile justice system as youth move further into the system. Hispanic,Native ❑ American, and African American youth were disproportionately referred to probation. The overrepresentation of Hispanic and African American youth ❑ increased with each successive step of the juvenile justice system, including the processes of petitioning and out of home placement (Table 13). o A significant proportion of referred youth who did not have a petition filed ❑ against them were nonetheless still involved in the juvenile justice system in ❑ 2003, through informal probation and diversion programs. While API and Hispanic youth were more likely than other youth to have their cases closed, the ❑ API and Hispanic youth who did not have their cases closed were more likely to El ❑ 54 D ❑ have their cases directly filed in adult court, more likely to be placed on informal ❑ probation, and less likely to be placed in diversion programs. [� • Grouping Asian and Pacific Islander youth in a single category obscures the impact of involvement in the juvenile justice system on particular API ethnicities. ❑ o Overall in Richmond, API juveniles had relatively low numbers of total arrests compared to other racial groups between 1990 and 2003 (Table 16). ❑ o Disaggregating arrest rates by specific API ethnicities reveals that certain ethnic groups with seemingly low numbers of arrests have high arrest rates, such as El Vietnamese and Laotian youth (Table 17). D • Different groups of youth tended to be arrested for different types of crime in Richmond during the time period examined in this report. ❑ o Asian and Pacific Islander youth were generally arrested for more property crimes ❑ than all youth, and fewer drug crimes and crimes against the person(Figure 16). ❑ o Similarly, female youth were arrested for more property crimes than male juveniles, and for fewer drug crimes, weapons crimes, and crimes against the person (Figure 17). ❑ o However, the primary determining factor of the type of crime for which juveniles were arrested seemed to be the location of the arrest. When arrests are ❑ disaggregated into groups by whether youth were arrested at Hilltop Mall or elsewhere, many of the differences noted above of the type of crime decreased [� significantly. ■ Crimes committed at the mall were in general property crimes for all groups, including male and female youth, Asian and Pacific Islanders, and all youth (Figures 20 and 21). ■ Further, API youth and female juveniles were arrested at the mall more often EJ than others (Figures 18 and 19), resulting in a higher proportion of total arrests of these youth being for property crimes. ❑ 55 ❑ CONCLUSION The data presented in this report illustrate the status of Asian and Pacific Islander(API) ❑ youth in West Contra Costa County, providing a portrayal that often differs from ❑ common stereotypes about their success. For example, broad categorizations of API youth as being academic overachievers, quiet, and obedient may prevent the ❑ acknowledgement of barriers that some API youth face. The data show that some API ethnic groups cope with multiple issues that compromise their well-being and chances for ❑ future success. ❑ Demographic and educational data examined in this report indicate that API households FJ while Richmond have a wide range of household incomes and levels of linguistic isolation, while API youth demonstrate a broad scope of academic achievement. For example, ❑ census data show that most Asian ethnicities have high levels of linguistic isolation, especially Vietnamese and Laotian households (47.4%and 42.7%, respectively, of ❑ households are linguistically isolated). ❑ In the area of education, while Asian students appear to achieve good results on the ❑ CAT/6 standardized test, the aggregation of Asians into one category obscures the struggles of certain ethnicities. As a comparison, more than half of Filipino youth tested ❑ in the district performed at or above grade level, while almost 70% of Laotian youth tested performed below grade level on the CAT/6 test. Differences are also seen in the area of juvenile justice. Youth's contact with law ❑ enforcement in the city of Richmond may vary by ethnicity and/or gender as well as by ❑ type of crime committed. Overall in Richmond, API juveniles had relatively low numbers of total arrests compared to other groups between 1990 and 2003. However, ❑ disaggregation of arrest rates by specific API ethnicities reveals that certain ethnic groups with seemingly low numbers of arrests have high arrest rates, such as Vietnamese and ❑ Laotian youth. API youth were generally arrested for more property crimes than all El youth, and fewer drug crimes and crimes against the person. ❑ In turn, the arrest patterns seen in Richmond often run counter to trends observed at the state and federal levels. For example, while juvenile arrests have decreased at state and ❑ federal levels over the last 10 years, this trend is not reflected in the city of Richmond. In fact, the number of female juvenile arrests increased by 178% between 1990 and 2003. ❑ The data also point out Richmond's Hilltop Mall as a possible area for intervention and ❑ prevention efforts, as the mall was the location of almost 20% of youth arrests between 1990 and 2003. ❑ In addition to illuminating some critical facets of the lives of Richmond youth, this report ❑ also underscores the need for both increased disaggregation of data on API ethnicities and additional data collection in related areas including mental health. Although the ❑ original intent of this report was to examine the state of Southeast Asian youth in ❑ Richmond, due to a lack of disaggregated data this goal was not fully realized, leading researchers to concentrate on API youth overall. ❑ 56 D CRITICAL FINDINGS 1. Disaggregation of data shows differences among API ethnicities. The racial category of Asian and Pacific Islander encompasses a number of widely ❑ varying ethnic groups that have different cultures, traditions, and histories. By combining ❑ all of these diverse groups into a single unit for analysis, the obstacles facing some groups are overshadowed by the successes of other groups. ❑ • Asian youth in the West Contra Costa County Unified School District performed ❑ above the national average on the CAT/6 test in the 9`h, 10`h, and 11 1h grades. However, when test performance is disaggregated by ethnicity, differences in ❑ achievement emerge. ❑ o Filipino, Chinese, and Japanese students performed better than the national average. About 60% of Filipino students, 80% of Chinese students, and 90% ❑ of Japanese students tested in the ninth grade in WCCUSD scored above the 50`h National Percentile Rank (NPR). ❑ o More than two-thirds of the Laotian ninth graders tested in WCCUSD scored ❑ below the 501h NPR. o Vietnamese and Asian Indian students in WCCUSD both had bimodal CAT/6 ❑ test scores. This means that students in these groups either performed very well or very poorly. While about half of the Vietnamese students tested in the top half of students tested nationally, most of the Vietnamese students who ❑ tested in the bottom half tested in the bottom 25%. While only 36% of the Asian Indian students were in the top half of the students tested in the United ❑ States, all of these students were in the top 25% of the students tested. ❑ . There were relatively few arrests of API youth in Richmond between 1990 and ❑ 2003. However, examining arrest rates rather than the total number of arrests reveals that certain API groups have experienced high levels of arrests. (� o Between 1990 and 2003, API youth were arrested a total of 508 times, while African American youth were arrested 6,128 times and Hispanic youth 1,215 ❑ times. ❑ o When arrest rates from 2000 were disaggregated by specific ethnicities, some AAI ethnicities were found to have high arrest rates. African American youth ❑ had the highest total arrest rate in that year(8 per 100 youth in population), ❑ followed closely by Vietnamese (6 per 100) and Laotian(5 per 100)youth. ❑ 2. The challenges facing API youth are multifaceted. ❑ API ethnicities—particularly Vietnamese, Laotian, and Pacific Islander youth— experiencing problems in one area(economics,juvenile justice, and education) examined (� in this report often also manifested issues in one or both of the other areas. Solutions to any one of these problems, then, must be comprehensive and take into account the other ❑ areas as well. ❑ 57 D ❑ • The test scores of these groups were low compared to other ethnic and racial ❑ groups. o As discussed previously, 70% of ninth grade Laotian youth in WCCUSD ❑ tested below grade level. ❑ o While only about half of the Vietnamese youth tested performed below grade level, most of those who did were in the bottom 25%of those tested. o Further, while about half of the 9th grade Pacific Islander youth tested at or ❑ above grade level, only about one third of the 10`h grade Pacific Islander students did. • The overall educational attainment of the adult population for these ethnic groups ❑ in Richmond was lower in 2000 than for other groups. ❑ o Almost half of the Laotian population age 25 years and older had less than a ninth grade education, compared with 11% for the adult population overall in ❑ Richmond. ❑ o While Vietnamese adults were overrepresented among those with less than a ninth grade education, they were also overrepresented among those with ❑ college degrees. ❑ o Pacific Islander adults were underrepresented among those with degrees beyond a high school diploma. • After African American youth, Vietnamese and Laotian youth had the highest ❑ arrest rates in Richmond in 2000, at 6 and 5 per 100, respectively. Each of these ❑ groups also had lower per capita income levels and higher poverty rates than the Richmond average in 1999. ❑ o The per capita income of Vietnamese households was 20%below the Richmond average, that of Pacific Islanders 31% below, and Laotian 51% ❑ below. ❑ o About 16% of Vietnamese and Laotian households were below the poverty line, while about a third of Pacific Islander households were below the ❑ poverty line. ❑ • In 2000, several of these ethnic groups also had high levels of linguistic isolation, ❑ which means that no one in the household 14 years old and above speaks English fluently. ❑ o About 43% of the Laotian households in Richmond were linguistically isolated, while 47% of the Vietnamese households were. ❑ 3. Other racial/ethnic groups also face a range of issues. ❑ During the course of data gathering, it was apparent that other racial/ethnic groups, specifically African American and Hispanic youth, were also struggling in these areas ❑ and should be addressed as well. These two groups are of particular interest, as they ❑ 58 ❑ constitute the two largest youth populations in Richmond as well as in the West Contra ❑ Costa Unified School District. ❑ • In 2000, African American youth had the highest arrest rate in Richmond at 8 youth arrests per 100 in the population. ❑ • African American and Hispanic students appear to be struggling academically. ❑ Low percentages of African American and Hispanic youth performed at or above grade level during the 2002-2003 school year. About a quarter of the Hispanic ❑ students and 10% or fewer of the African American students tested in the 91h, 10`h, ❑ and I lm grades achieved this level. Both of these groups of students also had the lowest rates of students completing UC/CSU entrance requirements in the 2002- ❑ 2003 school year. o African American and Hispanic students had the two highest dropout rates in ❑ WCCUSD during the 2002-2003 school year. Dropout rates for both groups ❑ were more than double the county and state average rates. • Hispanic and African American youth also must deal with economic challenges. o The per capita income of Hispanic families was almost 40%below the ❑ Richmond average in 1999, and about 18% of Hispanic households were ❑ below the poverty line. o More than one-fifth of African American households in Richmond were ❑ below the poverty line in 1999. The per capita income for African Americans ❑ was about 12%below the Richmond average. • In addition, Hispanic students face language barriers. About 30% of Hispanic households in Richmond were linguistically isolated in 2000, and 74% of students ❑ who spoke Spanish in WCCUSD were designated as English Learners. ❑ 4. West Contra Costa USD youth struggle in comparison to youth at the county ❑ and state levels. ❑ In large part, students in WCCUSD face greater issues than those in all of Contra Costa County and the state of California. ❑ • Fewer youth tested in the 9`h, 10`h, and 11`h grades in WCCUSD performed at or above the 50'h NPR, or their grade level, on the CAT/6 test in the 2002-2003 school year than in Contra Costa County and the state of California as a whole. ❑ o About 30% more of the ninth grade students tested in all of Contra Costa ❑ County than those tested only in WCCUSD achieved grade level. o About 10% fewer of the students in each grade in WCCUSD tested at this ❑ level than in the state of California. ❑ • The high school dropout rate for WCCUSD in 2002-2003 was about three times that of Contra Costa County as a whole and of the state of California. ❑ 59 0 ❑ o Further, the dropout rate for each race or ethnicity in WCCUSD was also ❑ significantly higher than the overall county and state dropout rate. ❑ A much lower percentage of 12`h grade graduates from WCCUSD in 2002-2003 completed the classes necessary to be eligible for the University of California and ❑ California State University systems than the percentage of all graduates in Contra El Costa County or the state of California who did so. o While Asian youth in WCCUSD completed the university eligibility ❑ requirements at rates similar to the state and county levels, youth in all other racial and ethnic categories, including Filipino, white, African American, and ❑ Hispanic youth, did not. ❑ • Compared to the state and countywide levels, English Learner students have ❑ difficulty being redesignated to regular classes. English Learner students as a whole scored very low on the CAT/6 test. More than 75% of the students ❑ classified as English Learners spoke Spanish as their primary language; most of the remaining students spoke an API language. ❑ o In WCCUSD, less than 15% of the English Learner students tested in the 91h, ❑ 10", and I I" grades achieved grade level on the CAT/6 reading test in the 2002-2003 school year. ❑ o While the number of English Learner students increased significantly between ❑ 1995 and 2003 in WCCUSD, Contra Costa County, and the state of California, the redesignation rate to regular classes for students in WCCUSD ❑ declined by more than 70%. During this period, the redesignation rates for the county and the state remained relatively stable. o Particular ethnic groups are differentially affected by English Learner issues. ❑ About 65% of students with a primary language other than English are designated as English Learners. This proportion is higher in certain language ❑ groups, including Spanish, Tongan, and Portuguese students. ❑ 5. Hilltop Mall is a possible area for intervention. ❑ Analysis of the Richmond police data showed that a well-known local mall, Hilltop Mall, ❑ was the site of 18% of youth arrests between 1990 and 2003 and was associated with the offending patterns of youth, indicating that the mall may be a possible location for ❑ intervention and prevention efforts. ❑ • In Richmond as a whole, it was found that API youth and females of any race displayed similar offending patterns, that is, both of these groups were far more ❑ likely to have been arrested for property crimes than other youth were, and were more likely to have been arrested at Hilltop Mail than other youth were. E o While about half of the total arrests of juvenile youth in this time period were ❑ for property crimes, a much larger proportion of the female youth and the API youth were arrested for property crimes (67% and 72%, respectively). 0 60 ❑ o In recent years, about half of the arrests of female youth took place at Hilltop ❑ Mall and about 40% of API youth were arrested at the mall. ❑ • The large number of girls and API youth arrested at the mall skewed the results and created differences in type of crime committed. When the location of a ❑ youth's arrest (Hilltop Mall or not) is controlled for, many of the differences in offending patterns by gender and by race are diminished. The proportion of girls ❑ arrested for property crimes at the mall was similar to the proportion of boys ❑ arrested for property crimes at the mall. A comparable result was found between API youth and youth of other races. • This finding indicates either that being at Hilltop Mall led to an increase in the ❑ probability of committing property crimes or that youth likely to commit property crimes were more likely to be at the mall. ❑ 6. Significant differences exist in the positions of girls and boys in Richmond. ❑ When education and juvenile justice data in Richmond were disaggregated by gender, vast differences in the positions of boys and girls were found, indicating that strategies to ❑ improve the position of youth must be adapted to the differing issues faced by each gender. ❑ • Academically, girls appear to be achieving at a higher level than boys in ❑ WCCUSD. ❑ o In each high school grade, at least 5% more of the female students performed at or above grade level on the CAT/6 reading test than of the male students ❑ during the 2002-2003 school year. Of the ninth graders, 32% of the male students tested achieved this level, while 45% of the female students did so. ❑ o In each racial/ethnic group, a higher percentage of female 12th grade graduates ❑ completed the requirements necessary for admission to the University of California and California State University systems than of male graduates in ❑ WCCUSD in the 2002-2003 school year. ❑ • While female youth continued to constitute a much smaller proportion of total ❑ juvenile arrests than male youth, their representation in arrest numbers increased at both the local and state level. ❑ o While the number of male juveniles arrested in Richmond decreased slightly over the last decade, the number of female youth arrested increased by over ❑ 150% in this period. ❑ o A similar pattern was observed in the arrest trends of juveniles in the entire state of California and was also apparent in the proportion of males and ❑ females in the California Youth Authority. ❑ • The characteristics of the arrests of male and female youth differed a great deal ❑ between 1990 and 2003. ❑ 61 ❑ o Female youth were significantly more likely to have been arrested for ❑ property offenses and less likely to have been arrested for drug offenses. o A substantially greater portion of the arrests of female youth took place at ❑ Hilltop Mall, especially after 1998,than of male juveniles. 7. Further research is needed. ❑ More in-depth research is necessary to adequately assess the status and issues of youth in ❑ the Richmond area. Q • This data collection effort was hampered by a lack of data that could be disaggregated into specific Asian and Pacific Islander ethnicities. ❑ o While categories existed for each API ethnicity, most records in the Richmond Q police data did not make use of these categories. To deal with this problem, the researchers assigned specific ethnic groups to youth in the general "Asian" Q category and in the "Other" category based on the last name of the youth. This limited the reliability of the data, as it was not based on the self-reported ❑ ethnicity of the youth. Q o In the data available from the school district, only test results on the CAT/6 achievement test were available disaggregated into specific Asian and Pacific ❑ Islander ethnicities. This meant it was not possible to determine whether Q specific ethnic groups were struggling, especially in areas where API youth as a whole appeared to do well, such as dropout rates. • Due to the interdisciplinary nature of problems facing youth, research must be Q done along mental health and behavioral dimensions as well. Past research has shown that ethnic groups with high levels of problems in the education and Q juvenile justice areas also often manifested issues in these areas as well. D EJ D El ❑ 62 D APPENDIX A: Education ❑ Table Al ❑ Students Completing the CAT/6 Reading Test, by Location and Grade, ❑ WCCUSD, Contra Costa County, and California, 2002.2003 a' ❑ West Contra Costa USD 2,473 2,191 1,844 Contra Costa County 12,044 10,922 9,457 ❑ State of California 471,734 416,883 355,391 Source:California Department of Education,DataQuest ❑ Accessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest ❑ Table A2 ❑ Students Completing the CAT/6 Reading Test, by Race and Grade, WCCUSD, 2002-2003 ❑ a W @OVD vro African American 753 647 500 ❑ American Indian/Alaska Native 9 7 3 Asian 305 307 260 ❑ Filipino 156 142 152 Hispanic or Latino 820 698 574 ❑ Pacific Islander 17 16 9 Q White Not Hispanic) 402 354 336 Source:California Department of Education,DataQuest ❑ Accessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest Table A3 D Students Completing the CAT/6 Reading Test, by Gender and Grade, WCCUSD, 2002-2003 El Male 1,249 1,154 945 ❑ Female 1,224 1,036 899 Source:California Department of Education, DataQuest [� Accessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest ❑ Table A4 Students Completing the CAT16 Reading Test, by Economic Status and Grade, WCCUSD, 2002-2003 ❑ a .D- a eD- . .... Y.�-. .. Economically Disadvantaged 760 586 482 ❑ Non-Economically Disadvantaged 1,688 1,586 1,341 Source:California Department of Education,DataQuest Accessed July 20,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest ❑ ❑ 63 ❑ Table A5 [l Students Completing the CAT/6 Reading Test, by Parent Education and Grade, WCCUSD, 2002-2003 El Not a High School Graduate 330 314 247 ❑ High School Graduate 696 535 346 Some College Includes AA Degree) 333 328 328 ❑ College Graduate 357 349 371 Graduate School/Post-Graduate 78 117 112 ❑ Decline to State 672 1 531 1 425 Source: California Department of Education,DataQuest ❑ Accessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.ede.ca.gov/dataquest ❑ Table A6 ❑ Students Completing the CAT/6 Reading Test, by English Classification and Grade, WCCUSD, 2002-2003 D .g_ �9 En lish Only 1,395 1,214 1,009 ❑ Initially Fluent English Proficient 296 289 212 Redesignated Fluent English 149 139 146 [� Proficient English Learner 616 533 461 ❑ Source:California Department of Education,DataQuest Accessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest El Table A7 ElTable Rates*, by Race/Ethnicity and Grade, ❑ WCCUSD, 2002-2003 ❑ r28 Enroll % DropEnroll % DropEnroll % Dro Enroll % DropEnroll Rate' American 8 0.0 0 10 0.0 0 25 0.0 3 5 60.0 3 49 60.0 (� Indian ❑ Asian 329 8.5 25_ 332 7.5 22 277 7.9 18 288 6.2 26 93 27.0 Pacific 2 19 10.5 1 17 5.9 4 47 8.5 1 12 8.3 8 96 29.4 Islander Filipino 10 157 6.4 9 150 6.0 12 275 4.4 11 133 8.3 42 729 22.8 Hispanic 75 874 8.6 58 774 7.5 83 612 13.6 87 608 14.3 303 21979 37.4 ❑ African American 176 866 20.3 98 760 12.9 96 651 14.7 80 535 15.0 450 3,102 49.7 ❑ White 47 432 10.9 26 382 6.8 36 410 8.8 38 353 10.8 147 1,691 32.4 ❑ Multiple/No 2 30 6.7 2 29 6.9 1 21 4.8 1 8 12.5 6 91 27.6 ❑ Response Total 340 2,715 12.5 219 2,454 8.9 254 2,318 11.0 239 1,942 12.311,05211 1,052 9,989 37.8 ❑ Source: California Department of Education,DataQuest Accessed July 20,2004 from htti)://datal.ede.ca.gov/dataquest ❑ *4 Year Derived Dropout Rate Formula:(I-((1-(drop gr 9/enroll gr 9))*(1-(drop gr 10/enroll gr 10))*(1-(drop gr I I/enroll gr 11))* (1-(drop gr 12/enroll gr 12))))*100 ❑ 64 ❑ Table A8 ❑ 12th Graders Completing all Courses Required for UC and/or CSU Entrance, by Race and Gender,WCCUSD,2002-2003 ❑ #of #With %With #of #With %With #of #With %With Grads Courses Courses Grads Courses Courses Grads Courses Courses American 2 1 50.0 1 0 0.0 3 1 33.3 ❑ Indian/Alaskan Native ❑ Asian 145 60 41.4 126 38 30.2 271 98 36.2 Pacific 10 1 10.0 6 1 16.7 16 2 12.5 ❑ Islander Filipino 51 13 25.5 1 67 16 23.9 118 29 24.6 ❑ Hispanic or 282 36 12.8 222 13 5.9 504 49 9.7 Latino ❑ African 253 24 9.5 229 13 5.7 482 37 7.7 American ❑ White (Not 157 37 23.6 172 37 21.5 329 74 22.5 Hispanic) ❑ Total 902 174 19.3 828 118 14.3 1,730 292 16.9 Source: California Department of Education,DataQuest ❑ Accessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest ❑ Table A9 ❑ Students Completing the CAT/6 Reading Test, by API Ethnicity and Grade, WCCUSD, 2002-2003 ❑ ° .6.-. .0- Asian Indian 11 24 10 [� Cambodian 2 1 2 Chinese 38 47 16 ❑ Japanese 16 6 4 ❑ Korean 1 5 1 Laotian 52 53 20 Vietnamese 21 29 16 ❑ Other Asian 164 142 191 Source:California Department of Education,DataQuest ❑ Accessed May 5,2004 from http://datal.cde.ca.gov/dataquest o El ❑ ❑ 65 ❑ ❑ APPENDIX B: Juvenile Justice Table B1 ❑ Population Institutionalized in the California Youth Authority, by Race and Year El California, 1993.2002 a. nn, sa naa a• ane ♦ne 000 PO 00 ❑ Total 8,556 8,863 9,821 10,122 8,874 8,297 7,761 7,482 6,942 5,954 White 15.3% 15.1% 15.5% 15.1% 14.7% 14.3% 14.3% 15.1% 16.1% 16.4% Hispanic 44.0 44.0 44.0 46.0 47.6 48.0 49.1 48.0 47.2 48.0 African 33.3 32.5 31.8 30.1 29.4 29.2 28.4 29.4 29.9 29.2 ❑ American Asian 4.6 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.2 ❑ Other 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.1 1 2.8 2.9 2.7 1 2.4 1 2.3 2.2 Source:California Youth Authority,A Comparison of the Youth Authority's Institution and Parole Populations, 1993- ❑ 2002. Accessed August 2,2004 from www.cya.ca.gov/research/pops_93-02.pdf ❑ Table B2 Unique Juvenile Arrests, by Race/Ethnicity and Year ❑ Richmond, 1990-2003 ❑ Ethnicity ��p\{ J p��(��p�� LIesO Cion 6 �@M �' on. ', �nn � �qa � visna 000 00 00 00 VCM ❑ African U341 9418 0363 371 448 405 341 314 415 370 348 277 354 275 5,040 American ❑ API 20 25 29 45 42 30 29 26 58 42 41 29 39 28 483 Hispanic 52 47 44 47 69 101 97 67 92 92 76 84 102 108 1,078 White 20 31 28 27 1 41 29 29 14 44 31 36 21 20 32 403 ❑ Other 0 3 2 2 5 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 4 31 Asian Indian 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 2 0 1 3 21 ❑ Cambodian 0 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 20 r Chinese 1 2 0 4 6 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 24 LJ Filipino 4 9 7 12 6 6 3 3 3 12 5 2 1 8 4 84 ❑ Japanese 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 2 3 0 0 0 10 Korean 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 ❑ Laotian 7 1 8 12 22 17 15 14 17 40 16 22 16 20 9 235 Pacific 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 13 ❑ Islander Vietnamese 1 0 2 0 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 6 1 4 1 5 1 2 3 34 ❑ Other Asian 2 3 1 1 2 3 5 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 5 6 39 13 Total 433 524 1466 1492 605 566 499 1 424 1 612 1 536 1 502 1412 1 517 1447 7,035 Source:Richmond Police Department El El ❑ 66 ❑ Table B3 El Richmond, Arrests of All Youth, by Type of Crime and Year Richmond, 199O-2003 ❑ LLA .9 .. .. .. .o, .. ..a ❑ Drug crime 79 15.9 136 21.6 81 14.7 73 12.4 102 13.7 95 13.6 82 13.7 Crime against the person 91 18.3 98 15.6 107 19.4 101 17.1 134 18.0 146 20.9 87 14,6 ❑ Property crime 240 48.3 279 44.3 246 44.6 296 50.3 342 46.0 301 43.1 298 49.9 Weapons offense 25 5.0 41 6.5 40 7.3 49 8.3 42 5.6 39 5.6 21 3.5 ❑ Crime against the public order 19 3.8 32 5.1 23 4.2 22 3.7 36 4.8 34 4.9 23 3.9 ❑ Other 19 3.8 15 1 2.4 1 13 2.4 10 1 1.7 22 3.0 20 2.9 19 3.2 Outside Warrant 24 4.8 29 4.6 41 7.4 38 6.5 66 8.9 63 9.0 67 11.2 ❑ Total 497 100 630 100 551 100 589 100 744 100 698 100 597 100 CQ I Ix* •3? coo oa oa ao ❑ # % # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Drug crime 56 11.1 66 9.0 60 9.7 38 6.5 47 9.6 59 9.7 34 6.9 1008 12.1 ❑ Crime against 88 17.5 130 17.7 79 12.8 82 14.0 75 15.4 93 15.3 86 17.5 1397 16.8 the person Property crime 249 49.4 379 51.7 331 53.7 352 60.0 283 58.0 356 58.7 314 64.0 4266 51.2 ❑ Weapons 9 1.8 26 3.5 12 1.9 22 3.7 15 3.1 10 1.7 19 3.9 370 4.4 offense Elthe against the public order 26 5.2 28 3.8 36 5.8 28 4.8 14 2.9 35 5.8 20 4.1 376 4.5 Other 12 2.4 21 2.9 15 2.4 5 1 0.9 3 0.6 5 0.8 3 0.6 182 2.2 ❑ Outside 64 12.7 83 11.3 83 13,5 60 10.2 51 10.5 48 7.9 15 3.1 732 8.8 Warrant ❑ Total 1 504 100 733 100 616 100 587 I 100 I 488 100 606 100 491 100 8331 100 Source: Richmond Police Department ❑ EI El ❑ 67 Cl ❑ Table B4 Juvenile Arrests of API Youth, by Type of Crime and Year ❑ Richmond, 1990-2003 ❑ ... ^�a as 60 .. :• o� ao esa # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Drug crime 1 4.5 1 4.0 2 6.7 1 2.0 1 2.3 2 6.9 ❑ Crime against 2 9.1 4 16.0 5 16.7 3 6.1 3 7.0 4 11.8 4 13.8 the person ❑ Property crime 18 81.8 19 76.0 22 73.3 41 83.7 31 72.1 28 82.4 20 69.0 Weapons offense 11 4.5 3 6.1 1 2.3 2 6.9 ❑ Crime against 1 3.3 3 7.0 the public order ❑ Other 1' 4.0 4 9.3 1 2.9 Outside Warrant 1 2.0 1 2.9 1 3.4 ❑ Total 22 100 25 100 30 100 49 100 43 100 34 100 29 100 ❑ 0-- aac asas as GtjJ ❑ # % # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Drug crime 2 7.4 4 6.2 5 11.9 5 12.5 24 4.7 Crime against 8 29.6 8 12.3 1 2.4 1 2.4 6 20.0 3 7.5 5 16.7 57 11.2 the person Property crime 11 40.7 43 66.2 35 83.3 28 66.7 22 73.3 24 60.0 23 76.7 365 71.9 ❑ Weapons 3 11.1 1 4 6.2 1 2.4 2 5.0 2 6.7 19 3.7 offense ❑ Crime against 1 2.4 4 9.5 9 1.8 the public order Other 1 3.7 1 1.5 1 3 7.1 1 3 7.1 1 1 2.5 15 3.0 Outside ❑ Warrant 2 7.4 5 7.7 1 2.4 1 1 2.4 2 6.7 5 12.5 19 3.7 ❑ Total 27 100 65 100 42 100 42 100 30 1 100 1 40 100 30 100 508 100 Source: Richmond Police Department El ❑ ❑ 1-1 El ❑ 68 ❑ Table B5 ❑ Unique Female Juvenile Arrests, by Race/Ethnicity ❑ Richmond, 1990-2003 Ethnicityeta Q 4@--mTm i �OP hOw.. LIOC � 4Pf TIM I 9 906 NO) Qtt 66 4e. African 38 71 70 62 105 64 75 77 130 127 127 76 125 91 1,238 ❑ American D API 5 8 6 8 11 3 2 1 12 19 12 7 19 4 117 Hispanic 4 6 7 11 10 11 15 10 7 24 11 16 30 39 201 ❑ White 6 10 8 9 10 8 6 6 6 13 13 8 8 12 123 Other 0 3 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 13 ❑ Asian Indian 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 5 Cambodian 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 6 ❑ Chinese 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 ❑ Filipino 2 5 4 4 2 2 0 0 1 8 1 0 4 0 33 Japanese 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 ❑ Korean 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Laotian 1 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 1 1 6 5 5 1 2 10 2 37 Pacific 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Islander [] Vietnamese 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 4 2 3 0 1 16 Other Asian 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 4 1 12 D Total 53 98 93 90 137 86 100 1 94 156 184 1 163 1071 184 147 1,692 Source:Richmond Police Department D ❑ ❑ ❑ 69 ❑ Table B6 ❑ Unique Male Juvenile Arrests, by Race/Ethnicity Richmond, 1990-2003 ❑ Ethnicity SGfl. ❑ '�eeP �ma ...Floe P.lam �ee, ..Gleo 4eee e• geed gavo PPP PP PP PP �� African 303 347 0293 0309 343 U341 266 237 285 243 221 201 229 184 3,802 ❑ American API 15 17 23 37 31 27 27 25 46 23 29 22 20 24 366 ❑ Hispanic 48 41 37 36 59 90 82 57 85 68 65 68 72 69 877 ❑ White 14 21 20 18 31 21 23 8 38 18 23 13 12 20 280 Other 0 0 0 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 2 0 1 1 0 3 18 ❑ Asian Indian 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 4 1 2 0 0 3 16 Cambodian 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 ❑ Chinese 1 0 0 4 5 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 20 El Japanese 2 4 3 8 4 4 3 3 2 4 4 2 4 4 51 Japanese 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 8 ❑ Korean 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Laotian 7 8 12 19 15 1 15 13 16 1 34 11 17 14 10 7 198 ❑ Pacific 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 Islander ❑ Vietnamese 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 18 Other Asian 2 2 1 1 1 3 4 1 2 1 1 2 1 5 27 D Total 380 426 1 373 402 468 480 399 330 456 352 339 305 333 300 5,343 ❑ Source:Richmond Police Department D El DEl El El ❑ 70 0 ❑ Table B7 Juvenile Arrests of Female Youth, by Type of Crime and Year ❑ Richmond, 1990-2003 ❑ # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Drug crime 2 3.6 4 4.0 7 7.2 2 2.1 1 0.7 2 2.0 7 6.6 ❑ Crime against 7 12.7 12 11.9 17 17.5 11 11.3 23 16.1 23 22.5 15 14.2 the person ❑ Property 33 60.0 61 60.4 61 62.9 66 68.0 92 64.3 59 57.8 64 60.4 crime Weapons offense 2 3.6 4 4.0 1 1.0 3 3.1 3 2.1 1 1.0 2 1.9 Crime against ❑ the public 4 7.3 7 6.9 J22. 6 6.2 5 3.5 3 2.9 2 1.9 order ❑ Other 1 1.8 8 7.9 3 3.1 7 4.9 1 1.0 3 2.8 Outside 6 10.9 5 5.0 6 6.2 12 8.4 13 12.7 13 12.3 WarrantTotal 55 100 101 100 97 100 143 100 102 100 106 100 �. as• ... g00 p0 00 00 0 . ❑ # % # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Drug crime 3 3.0 4 2.3 5 2.6 4 2.2 3 2.5 5 2.5 49 2.7 ❑ Crime against 19 19.2 27 15.6 21 10.8 12 6.6 20 16.7 19 9.6 16 10.5 242 13.3 the person o Property 52 52.5 106 61.3 134 69.1 138 75.4 81 67.5 146 74.1 132 86.3 122 67.3 crime 5 El offense 2 2.0 6 3.5 3 1.6 3 2.5 2 1.3 32 1.8 offense Crime against the public order 6 6.1 6 3.5 8 4.1 6 3.3 1 0.8 5 2.5 2 1.3 64 3.5 ❑ Other 4 4.0 2 1.2 6 3.1 2 1.1 3 1.5 42 2.3 ❑ Outside 13 13.1 22 12.7 20 10.3 18 9.8 12 10.0 19 9.6 1 0.7 166 9.1 Warrant Total 99 100 173 100 194 100 183 100 120 100 197 100 153 100 1820 100 ❑ Source:Richmond Police Department El El ❑ ❑ ❑ 71 El El ❑ ❑ Table B8 Juvenile Arrests of Male Youth, by Type of Crime and Year ❑ Richmond, 1990-2003 ❑ J{.. 066 !f. �.(. 4Y. y. . .14 J.{. '•q. Drug crime 77 17.4 132 25.0 74 16.3 71 14.4 101 16.8 93 15.6 75 15.3 ❑ Crime against 84 19.0 86 16.3 90 19.8 90 18.3 111 18.5 123 20.6 72 14.7 the person ❑ Property crime 207 46.8 218 41.2 185 40.7 230 46.7 250 41.6 242 40.6 234 47.7 Weapons 23 5.2 37 7.0 39 8.6 46 9.3 39 6.5 38 6.4 19 3.9 offense ❑ Crime against the public rder 15 3.4 25 4.7 20 4.4 16 3.3 31 5.2 31 5.2 21 4.3 o Other 18 4.1 7 1.3 11 2.4 7 1.4 15 2.5 19 3.2 16 3.3 Outside Warrant 18 4.1 24 4.5 35 7.7 32 6.5 54 9.0 50 8.4 54 11.0 El Total 442 100 529 100 454 100 492 100 601 100 596 100 491 1 100 ❑ ae .. 0O- aoo.. 666 66.. 66 66 ❑ # % # 0 # 0 # %. # % #. %_. # % # % Drug crime 53 13.1 62 11.1 55 13.0 34 8.4 44 12.0 54 13.2 34 10.1 959 14.7 F] the against 69 17.0 103 18.4 58 13.7 70 17.3 55 14.9 74 18.1 70 20.7 1155 17.7 the erson Property crime 197 48.6 273 48.8 197 46.7 214 53.0 202 54.9 210 51.3 182 53.8 3041 46.7 Weapons offense 7 17 20 3.6 12 2.8 19 4.7 12 3.3 10 2.4 17 5.0 338 5.2 D Crime against 20 4.9 22 3.9 28 6.6 22 5.4 13 3.5 30 7.3 18 5.3 312 4.8 the public order Other 8 2.0 19 3.4 9 2.1 3 0.7 3 0.8 2 0U53 0.9 140 2.2 ❑ Outside . 61 10.9 63 14.9 42 10.4 39 10.6 29 7 4.1 566 8.7 Warrant560 100 422 100 404 100 368 100 409 1 100 6511 100 ❑ Source:Richmond Police Department 11 ❑ ❑ 72 TO: BOARD OF SUPERVISORS E.s.. - Contra Costa FROM: William B. Walker, MD, Health Services Director °i, S FyZ c�STq C011N" v4 DATE: �8eptamber 26,E.2006 County SUBJECT: Red Ribbon Week SPECIFIC REQUEST(S)OR RECOMMENDATION(S)&BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION RECOMMENDATION(S): Adopt resolution Number 2006/550 proclaiming Oct. 23-31, 2006, as Red Ribbon Week in Contra Costa County. FISCAL IMPACT: None. BACKGROUND: Proclaiming Annual Red Ribbon Week in Contra Costa County Oct. 23-31,2006,in recognition of the ongoing prevention efforts of families, schools and community organizations in education and outreach programs that clearly communicate to children and youth the dangers inherent in alcohol and drug abuse. See attached resolution. CONTINUED ON ATTACHMENT: YES NO XX SIGNATUREi" _LZ'RECOMMENDATION OF COUNTY ADMINISTRATOR RECOMMENDATION OF BOARD COMMITTEE APPROVE OTHER SIGNATURE(S): \ ACTION OF BOA N ()=r7Ju1 to� APPROVED AS RECOMMENDED OPER VOTE OF SUPERVISORS: V/ UNANIMOUS (ABSENT ` ) I HEREBY CERTIFY THAT THIS IS A TRUE AND CORRECT COPY OF AN ACTION TAKEN AND AYES: NOES: ENTERED ON THE MINUTES OF THE BOARD OF ABSENT: ABSTAIN: SUPERVISORS OWN THE DATE SHOWN. Contact: Haven Fearn (313-6350) ATTESTED QMbl-+ IDS JOK,1 CLERK OF THE BOARD OF cc: Public Health Director,597 Center,#200,Martinez SUPERVISORS AND COUNTY ADMINISTRATOR Health Services Director,,50 DoLow,Drive#-aQX , DEPUTY IN THE MATTER OF DECLARING RESOLUTION NO. 2006/550 OCTOBER 23-31,2006 AS "RED RIBBON WEEK" IN CONTRA COSTA COUNTY WHEREAS, alcohol, tobacco and other drug abuse is particularly damaging to one of our most valuable resources, our children, and is a contributing factor in the three leading causes of death for teenagers: accidents, homicides, and suicides; and WHEREAS, drug and alcohol abuse in America creates staggering societal costs and prevents millions of people from reaching their full potential at school, on the job, and in their communities. The Department of Health and Human Services estimates that approximately 14 million Americans use illegal drugs and 17 million Americans are alcoholics or abusers of alcohol. To improve the well-being of our nation and to protect Contra Costa residents,we must continue to make the prevention and treatment of alcohol abuse a national priority; and WHEREAS,Based on the National Survey ori-Drug U.se-and—1ealth during2002 students aged 12 to 17 with positive school experiences such as enjoying school, feeling their assigne&schoolwork was meaningful, and feeling the things they learnedin school were going`to,be.important dater'ni life;were less likely to have used alcohol or illicit drugs in the-past,year-than students withoutnthese,positive schoohexperiences.Also, the rates of pas t year messaalc h scl ool illicit druguse s e r d alowoeL fora youth who had`seen of heard drug or alcohol P „. g P� y, Y . who hadnot,and: • _ .. P.. WHERE rne. n 100/ocMcoD of theproclamation in.,sutrportt of tieoolil Red Rr}ib.enuori e'ff its of p Costa joins this year's families, schools and o g _ PP .. g... g P 3,. k - � x community,organizations in education and outreach programs z that delrly communicate to youth the a dangers inherent in alcohol and drug abuse,and' y 5 r v _ s WHEREAS, first'use of alcohol typically,begins at age;13, it is nnpexati ve tiat 6 nimty ihiembers launch a unified and visible prevention,education,campaigms and implemerit activities that axe mtehded to eliminate youth access�l alcohol Results from local community surveys indicate that•youti often get the alcohol they drm'k from`fimrlyand,frrends;and WHEREAS, tlie=Alcohol and`,Other Di-ugs Adv sotT,Bonrd,'rn cooperation wrti the�ConTra Costa Office of Educati6t th ough the Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities Coordinators,.Aleohol and Other Drugs Services Division, Community Partners,;law enforcement community base, 'organizations, alcohol and other drugs service providers,Safe and Drug Fxee Schools and Commgnittes#grints in Bay Point and Rodeo and'pouth'who conducted'Plhotovoice Projects'during the Summer oF2006.coordinate Red Ribbon Week activities in-Contra Costa` County to offer our citizens i he,opportumty to demonstrate their cornmitmentto liealthy;alcohol and drug-free lifestyles;ands WHEREAS, families, schools, busiiesses,',°faiti based communities, law ,enforcement agencies and service organizations of Contra Costa Conn ty,and the general�pubhc killidesnonstrate their commitment to alcohol and drug-free communities by-wearing and displaying Red,,Ribbons during this week-long celebration;and NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that the County Board of Supervisors does hereby support October 23—31, 2006 as RED RIBBON WEEK, and encourages all citizens to participate in tobacco,alcohol and other drug prevention programs and activities. Beit also resolved that the County Board of Supervisors encourages all community members to pled g : "100%Me Drug Free". JOHN GIOIA l r Chair tit'^) � �✓ District ISupervisor / l UAYLE B..UILKEMA MARY N.Q�VE District II Supervisor -_ District III Supervisor MARK DeSAULNIER FEDERAL D. GLOVER District IV SupervisorE S E L- District V Supervisor » I hereby certify that this is a true and correct copy of an action taken • ,r -' and entered on the minutes of the Board of Supervisors on the date shown: Al713S'17Zll: October lU,2000 T—�� - _ •� JOHN CULL.EN, Clerk of the Board of Supervisors and County ' ~ Administrator„ osTA By COUK