HomeMy WebLinkAboutMINUTES - 11081994 - WC.1 ! WC1
TO: BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
Contra
FROM: WATER COMMITTEE f;p; Costa
Supervisor,Tom Powers
Supervisor:,Jeff Smith t.JIJun
f N � t
DATE: November 8, 1994
SUBJECT: REPORT ON STATE STANDARDS FOR GRAYWATER USE
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SPECIFIC REQUEST(S) OR RECOMMENDATION(S) & BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
RECOMMENDATIONS
Direct the Health Services Department, Environmental Health Division, to draft a model ordinance or
guide for safe graywater use, and report back to the Water Committee.
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REASON FOR RECOMMENDATION/BACKGROUND
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The State has adopted graywater standards, essentially legalizing graywater use in California. The
Graywater Systems for Single Family Residences Act was signed into law in 1992, resulting in State
Department of Water Resources and State Department of Health Services development of graywater
regulations. Final approval of the regulations by the California Building Standards Commission in
March, 1994 allowed standards to become part of the California Plumbing Code in May this year, and
is effective in cities and counties on November 8, 1994.
Graywater is defined for the purposes of the regulations as "untreated household waste water which
has not come into contact;with toilet waste. Graywater includes used water from bathtubs, showers,
bathrooms wash basin, and water from clothes washing machines and laundry tubs. It shall not
include waste water fromilkitchen sinks, dishwashers or laundry water from soiled diapers."
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During discussion of this issue by the Board's Water Committee, the County Health Services
Department, Environmental Health Division, indicated concern with health and safety issues associated
with standards which are less restrictive than County septic standards, indicating that graywater has
the same constituents as*wer water. The Water Committee recommended that a uniform model
health ordinance, or other guideline be prepared, in order to allow cities to hear of health and safety
issues, and the potential need for building or health permits with appropriate protection mechanisms.
CONTINUED ON ATTACHMENT: YES SIGNATURE
RECOMMENDATION OF COUNTY ADMINISTRATOR RECOMMENDATION OF BOARD COMMITTEE
APPROVE OTHER
SIGNATURE(S):
S pervisor Tom PowersS e r eff mith
ACTION OF BOARD ON Iq�Q/�APPROVED AS IXECOMMENDED �e__ OTHER
VOTE OF SUPERVISORS
UNANIMOUS (ABSENT I HEREBY CERTIFY THAT THIS IS A TRUE AND
AYES: NOES: CORRECT COPY OF AN ACTION TAKEN AND
ABSENT: ABSTAIN: ENTERED ON THE MINUTES OF THE BOARD
OF SUPERVISORS ON THE DATE SHOWN.
Contact: Roberta Goulart (510) 646-2071 ATTESTED NOV 8 jgQ4
cc: Community Development Department PHIL BATCHELOR, CLERK OF THE
County Health Services Department - BOARD OF SUPERVISORS AND
Environmental Health Division COUNTY ADMINISTRATOR
Building Inspection Department J
BY: , DEPUTY
RG:rw
RRG2:11-1wc1.4bd
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CONTRA COSTA COUNTY
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
TO: WATER COMMITTEE
Supervisor Powers
Supervisor Smith
FROM: Roberta GoiulartI Water Agency Staff
DATE: September 128 . 1994
SUBJECT: INFORMATION ON NEW STATE STANDARDS FOR GRAYWATER USE
BACKGROUND
The Graywater Systems for Single Family Residences Act was signed
into law in 1992; and resulted in Department of Water Resources
(DWR) and State ; Department of Health Services development of
regulations for Ilegal use of graywater in California. Final
approval of the ;Graywater Standards by the California Building
Standards Commission in March 1994 allowed these standards to
become part of the California Plumbing Code. The standards were
published on May 8, 1994 , becoming effective in cities and
counties 6 months later, on November 8, 1994 . Prior to these
regulations, use iof graywater was illegal, yet some counties and
cities allowed graywater use, particularly during the latest
drought period.
Graywater is defined for the purposes of these standards as
"untreated household waste water which has not come into contact
with toilet waste. Graywater includes used water from bathtubs,
showers, bathroom wash basins, and water from clothes washing
machines and laundry tubs . It shall not include waste water from
kitchen sinks, dishwashers or laundry water from soiled diapers . "
DWR lists the advantages of a state standard as "assuring public
health protection, availability of high quality graywater systems
and products developed for a large market, ease of widespread
public education,' and effective education of local government plan
checkers and building inspectors. "
DWR has indicated that graywater use provides one of the most
significant water savings that can be accomplished in the home.
DWR estimated that up to 70% of all water used inside the home can
be reused outside, and estimates that a family of four produces
about 100-160 gallons of graywater each day, providing a drought-
proof source of supply for the "typical" size yard.
The new standard) for graywater use apply only to single-family
households, and ;graywater is only approved for use on the same
property as the dwelling itself . The graywater system is designed
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for subsurface irrigation only, reducing the possibility of public
contact and the potential for bacteriological or viral
contamination. Graywater from the sink, washing machine and/or
shower/tub flowsi into a tank, then through subsurface drip
irrigation or a subsurface mini-leachfield to the landscape.
There is a required permit process, which will be handled through
the Building Inspection Department. A graywater plan which details
the amount of graywater produced, area to be irrigated, soil and
groundwater data, ]as well as design and location of the system must
be provided. The [system must be installed, inspected and later,
maintained.
DWR is currently preparing a "user-friendly" pamphlet describing in
detail the requirements and the process involved in permitting
graywater facilities for the community.
The legalization jof graywater and development of guidelines has
been controversial! , due to continuing concern over public health
implications . The County Environmental Health Division has
indicated the potential for hazard to groundwater resources, having
seen extremely high bacteriological counts for graywater in some
circumstances .
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Using 6raywater in Your home tandsape
raywater
6ulde
DouglasP. heeler Pee WilmDavid N.Kennedy
seeUry for P"atmes Coverr4r Director Auguit
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6Cdyater is untreated household waste water which
has not come into contact with toilet waste.
Indudts: used water from bathtubs,
showers, bathroom wash basins, and
water from clothes washing machines
and laundry tubs.
Dots not Modt: waste water from
kitchen sinks, dishwashers, or laundry
water from soiled diapers.
(from California Graywater Standards)
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Foreword
California's Graywater Standards are now part of the State Plumbing Code,making
it legal to use graywater everywhere in California.These standards were developed and
adopted in response to Assembly Bill 351$,the Graywater Systems for Single Family
Residences Act of 1992.
• This Guide was prepared to help homeowners and landscape and plumbing contrac-
tors understand the Graywater Standards and to help them design,install and maintain
graywater systems.
Send questions or comments to Marsha Prillwitz,California Department of Water
Resources,P.O. Box 942836, Sacramento,CA 94236-0001. Marsha Prillwitz can be
reached at(916);327-1620 or fax: (916)327-1815.
Carlos Madrid
Chief,Division of Local Assistance
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Table Of Content
Foreword............................................................................................................................
Organization.........:..............................................................................................................vii
1. Why Use 6raywater?..........................................................................................................1
11.The Seven Steps..:.............................................................................................................2
1.Investigate the Permit Process...................................................................................2
Preparethe-Plan.......................................................................................................2
Estimate the Amount of Graywater Your Family Will.Produce..............................;..2
Estimate the Amount of Landscape You Can Irrigate..............................................3
Gather Soil and Ground Water Datm.....................................................................5
Drawa Plot Plan........................................................
Determine the Size of the Irrigated Area...............................................................5
Determine the Location of the Graywater System..................................................6
3. Design the Graywater System...................................................................................7
Plumbing System Pipes and Valves.....................................................................7
SurgeTank.........................................................................................................7
Filter...................................................»........,.......................................................8
Pump.. ............8
Irrigation System.
Subsurface Drip Irrigation System.
Mini-Leachfield System...................................................».........................9
4.Submit the Plan for Review and Approval........................................».........................10
S.Install the System.........................................................».......................................,..10
Purchasethe Equipment..............................................................»........................10
Install the Plumbing System.................................................................................11
Install the Subsurface Drip Irrigation System.
Install the Mini-Leachfield System.
b.System Inspection and Approval....................................................... ...................12
1.Using, Monitoring and Maintaining the System.....................................................»..12
ProtectHealth.....................................................................................................12
Select Garden-Friendly Soaps..................................... ................13
KeepSoils Healthy...............................................................................................14
GrowHealthy Plants............................................................................................14
Monitor and Maintain the System........................................................................15
III.Appendix
California:Graywater Standards..................................................................»........,....19
Graywater Mandatory Measures Checklist................................................................27
DetergentsList.........................................................................................................29
Historical Evapotranspiration Values for July...........................................................31
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State of California
Pete Wilson,Governor
The Resources Agency
Douglat P.Wheeler, Secretary for Resources
Department of Water Resources
David H.Kennedy, Director
John J.Silyerira Robert 6.Potter Carroll Hamon
Deputy Director Chief Deputy Director Deputy Director
L Luanda(hipponeri Susan H.Weber
Assistant Director for Legislation Chief Counsel
Division of Local Assistance
CarlosMadrid.....................................................................................................................Division Chief
This report was written by:
Marsha Prillwitt................................................................................................Water Conservation Office
LarryFarwell...................................................................................................Water Conservation Office
With the assistance of:
EdCraddock.............................................................................................................Division of Planning
(arole Rains.......................................................................................Publications and Editorial Services
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Why USe GraMter?
Are you tired of watching your bathing and laundry water go down the drain when it
could be put to good use on your landscape? Now it is safe and legal to reuse that
"graywater" and,this guide shows you how.
In addition to conserving water and probably reducing your water and sewer bills.
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you will also be"drought-proofing"your landscape by using graywater. Since more than
half of your indoor water can be reused as graywater, during shortages, when outdoor
watering may be restricted,you will have a constant source of water. With landscapes
valued at between 5 percent and 10 percent of the value of a home, this back-up supply of
water may be ari important economic insurance policy for you. Furthermore, the nutrients
in graywater may be beneficial to your plants.
The seven steps to follow to put graywater to use in your garden are:
1. Investigate the permit process
2. Prepare a plan
3. Design the graywater system
4. Submi it the plan for review and approval
5. Install the system
6. Arrange for system inspection and approval
7. Use, monitor and maintain the system
If you decide not to do some of the steps yourself, you can hire a landscape contrac-
tor to install the irrigation system or a plumbing contractor to install the plumbing. They
will follow this same process.
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Why Use 6nynter?
Are you:tired of watching your bathing and laundry water go down the drain when it
could be put to!good use on your landscape? Now it is safe and legal to reuse that
"graywater"and this guide shows you how.
In addition to conserving water and probably reducing your water and sewer bills,
you will also be;"draught-proofing"your landscape by using graywater. Since more than
half of your indoor water can be reused as graywater, during shortages, when outdoor
watering may be restricted,you will have a constant source of water. With landscapes
valued at between 5 percent and 10 percent of the value of a home, this back-up supply of
water'may be a I n important economic insurance policy for you. Furthermore, the nutrients
in graywater may be beneficial to your plants.
The seven steps to follow to put graywater to use in your garden are:
1. Investigate the permit process
2. Prepare a plan
3. Design the graywater system
4. Submit the plan for review and approval
5. Install the system
6. Arrange for system inspection and approval
7. Use, monitor and maintain the system
If you decide not to do some of the steps yourself,you can hire a landscape contrac-
tor to install the irrigation system or a plumbing contractor to install the plumbing. They
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will follow this'same process.
The Seven Sups 1
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The following seven:steps will help you plan, design, install, and maintain your
graywater system.
I Investigate the Permit Pra,clels
Information in this;guide is based on the California Graywater Standards. In the
appendix,you will find a copy of Title 24, Part 5, of the California Administrative Code,
GRAYWATER SYSTEMS FOR SINGLE FAMILY DWELLINGS, commonly called the California
Graywater Standards(Appendix J).These are the official rules for using graywater in
California.
The Standards require that a building permit be obtained before a graywater system
Is installed. Check with Your local building department for information on their permit
process and any variations made to the Graywater Standards before you proceed. In most
instances a permit will be issued over-the-counter to the homeowner or to the licensed
plumbing or landscape contractor who will perform the work.
z. Prepare the Plan
Is a graywater system for you? By first learning approximately how much graywater
your family will produce and how much landscape you can irrigate with It, you will be
better able to decide. Determining whether your soil is suitable for a graywater system is
another primary consideration. Once you have decided that a graywater system is in your
future, the next step is toAraw a plan and design your system.
Estimate the Amount of Graywater Your Family Will Produce
The number of plumbing fixtures which you connect to the graywater system will
determine how much graywater is available for irrigation use. See the section entitled
"Plumbing System: Pipes and Valves" page 7 for more information about accessing plumb-
ing fixtures.
The Graywater Stindards use the following procedure to estimate your daily
graywater flow:
(1)Calculate the number of occupants of your home as follows:
First Bedroom 2 occupants
Each additional bedroom I occupant
(2) Estimatea daily graywater flows for each occupant are:
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Showers, bathtubs and wash basins(total) 25 Gal./Day/Occupant
Clothes washer 15 Gal./Day/Occupant
(3) Multiply the number of occupants by the estimated graywater flow.
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The Seven Step
The following seven isteps will help you plan, design, install, and maintain your
graywater system.
1. Investigate the Permit Process
Information in this guide is based on the California Graywater Standards. In the
appendix, you will find a copy of Title 24, Part 5, of the California Administrative Code,
GRAYWATER SYSTEMS FOR SINGLE FAMILY DWELLINGS, commonly called the California
Graywater Standards (Appendix J).These are the official rules for using graywater in
California.
The Standards require that a building permit be obtained before a graywater system
is installed. Check with your local building department for information on their permit
process and any variations made to the Graywater Standards before you proceed. In most
instances a permit will be issued over-the-counter to the homeowner or to the licensed
plumbing or landscape contractor who will perform the work.
i. Prepare the Plan
Is a graywater system for you? By first learning approximately how much graywater
your family will produce and how much landscape you can irrigate with it.you will be
better able to decide. Determining whether your soil is suitable for a graywater system is
another primary consideration. Once you have decided that a graywater system is in your
future, the next step is to draw a plan and design your system.
Estimate the Amount of Graywater Your Family Will Produce
The number of plumbing fixtures which you connect to the graywater system will
determine how much graywater is available for irrigation use. See the section entitled
"Plumbing System: Pipesand Valves"page 7 for more information about accessing plumb-
ing fixtures.
The Graywater Standards use the following procedure to estimate your daily
graywater flow:
(1)Calculate the number of occupants of your home as follows:
First Bedroom 2 occupants
Each additional bedroom 1 occupant
(2) Estimated daily graywater flows for each occupant are:
Showers, bathtubs and wash basins(total) 25 Gal./Day/Occupant
Clothes washer 15 Gal./Day/Occupant
(3) Multiply,the number of occupants by the estimated graywater flow.
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Example:The Brown family has a three bedroom house so the system must be designed for a mint-
mum of four people If all fixtures are connected, then each occupant is assumed to produces 40
gallons of graywate I F per day,resulting In a total of 160 gallons each day.
The reason graywater flow is based upon the number of bedrooms rather than the
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actual number of people is that the number of bedrooms will remain constant, while the
number of peopI6 may vary over time.
Estimate the Amount of Lzutdscape you Can Irrigate
Graywater is distributed subsurface and will efficiently maintain lawns, fruit trees,
flowers, shrubs and groundcovers. It can be used to irrigate all plants at your home except
vegetable gardens. You do not need to do the following calculation as part of the permit
process, but it will help you determine just how much landscape your graywater will irri-
gate and how many plumbing fixtures you may want to-hook up to the system. On page 5,
you will find specific information about determining the minimum required irrigated area.
You can estimate either the square footage of the landscape or the number of plants
which can be irrigated. Generally, estimating the square footage is more useful for lawn
areas and subsu4ace drip irrigation systems while estimating the number of plants would
be more useful for trees and shrubs irrigated by a mini-leachfield system.
Use this f6rmula to estimate the square footage of the landscape to be irrigated:
LA= GW
ET*PF*0.62
where:
LA=landscaped area(square feet)
GW=estimated graywater produced (gallons per week)
ET=evapotranspiration* (inches per week)
PF=plant factor
0*;62=conversion factor(from inches of ET to gallons per week)
*Evapotranspirati"on is the amount of water lost through evaporation (E) from the soil and
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transpiration M[from the plant. ('Ibis formula does not account for irrigation efficiency. If your
irrigation system does not distribute water evenly, extra water will need to be applied.)
[[Example: If the Brown family living In Sacramento produces 160 gallons of graywater per day,how
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much lawn can bi irrigated with that graywater?R 60*7 days= 1120 gallons per week)
LA 1120
2*.8*0.62
1A= 1129 square feet
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Since the plant factor for grass is .8 and Sacramento has an ET of 2 inches per week in July, the peak
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irrigation month in most areas of California, the Brown family can irrigate 1129 square feet of lawnj
with the available graywater.
If the landscape includes less water thirsty plants, more than twice as much square
footage can be irrigated. For specific information about evapotranspiration and estimating
landscape water needs, see University of California Leaflet 21493. Estimating Water Require-
ments of Landscape Plantings, and U.C. Water Use Classification of Landscape Species.
These publications can beobtained through your county cooperative extension office. Also,
in the appendix, you will find a list of evapotranspiration rates for the month of July for
selected sites in California.
An alternative to considering the square footage of the landscape is to estimate the
number of plants that can'be irrigated with this 1120 gallons of graywater per week. Here is
a look-up chart to help you determine approximately how much water an individual tree or
shrub will need for one week during July:
Climate Relative Water Need of Plant Gallons Per Week
(Plant Factor) 200 S9 FT 100 S9 FT 50 S9 FT
CANOPY CANOPY CANOPY
Coastal low water using(0.3) 38 19 10
(ET=lin/wk) medium water using(0.5) 62 31 16
high water using(0.8) 100 50 25
Inland low water using(0.3) 76 38 19
(ET=2in/wk) medium water using(0.5) 124 62 31
high water using(0.8) 200 100 50
Desert low water using(0.3) 114 57 28
(ET=3in/wk) medium water using(0.5) 186 93 47
high water using(0.8) 300 150 75
[The gallons per week calculation for this chart was determined with the following formula:
Gallons per week=ET*plant factor*area* .62 (conversion factor.) (This formula does not ac-
count for irrigation efficiency. If your irrigation system does not distribute water evenly, extra water
will need to be applied.))
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mple: The 1120 gallons of graywater per week produced by the Brown family in Sacramerito
d irrigate:
ung fruit trees: 8*50=400 gallons (high water using, 50 foot canopy)
edium-sized shade trees: 8*62=496 (medium water using, 100 foot canopy)
shrubs: 7*31 =217 (medium water using. 50 foot canopy)
l: 1113 gallons per week
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The number gallons of water per week a plant needs will vary from season to sea-
son, plant to plant, and site to site, but this will give you a general idea about the number
of plants you can successfully irrigate in July with your graywater.
Irrigation needs of the landscape may be greater than the total available graywater.
So, even if the system includes the shower, tub and clothes washer, some supplemental
water mould be necessary during the hot summer months. Contrarily, the amount of
available graywater may be greater than the amount you can use on the landscape. In that
case, you can reduce the number of plumbing fixtures connected to the graywater system.
Gather Soil and Ground Water Data
Determine the soil types and ground water level on your property. The local build-
Ing department will probably provide this information or allow you to use Table J-2 of the
Graywater Standards. If this information is not available, consult with the local building
department about the approved soil testing method. They may require that you hire a
qualified professional to conduct a percolation test, or may allow you to do it. Usually you
would be required to dig test holes in close proximity to any proposed irrigation area and
conduct a percolation test. The U.C. Cooperative Extension Office, the county agricultural
agent or a local geologist, soil scientist or college instructor will be able to assist with soil
type identification and characteristics.
Draw a Plot Plan
A plot plan of your property must be drawn to scale with dimensions and show the
lot lines and the direction and approximate slope of the surface. Indicate the location of
retaining walls, drainage channels,water supply lines, wells, paved areas, and structures.
If you have a septic tank, show the location of your sewage disposal system and the re-
quired 100 percent expansion area. Provide information on the number of bedrooms and
which plumbing fixtures will be connected to the proposed graywater system. Finally,
indicate the landscape area which you plan to irrigate with graywater.
Determine the Size of the Irrigated Area
Above,you learned how to estimate the amount of landscape you can irrigate based
on the graywater produced and the water needs of the plants. Now you need to determine
the minimum size of the irrigation field required,based on soil type.With either a subsur-
face drip or mini-leachfield system, at least two Irrigation zones are required and each must
irrigate enough area to distribute all the graywater produced daily without surfacing.
For sub-surface drip irrigation systems,Table J-3 of the Graywater Standards is
used to determine the number of emitters required. The emitters must be at least 14
inches apart in any direction.
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mple: The Brown family produces 160 gallons of graywater per day and irrigates plants in a
dy loam soil. Based on Table J-3,the minimum number of emitters per gallons per day of graywa-
roduction is .7* 160= 112 emitters. With at least 14 inches between each emitter, the total
irrigation area for one zone would be 112 emitters* 14 inches / 12 inches (to get square feet) = 130
square feet. The Browns would need 130 times 2=260 square feet for the minimum of two irrigation
zones required by the Graywater Standards to safely distribute their graywater without surfacing.
As we discovered earlier, the Browns could irrigate up to 1129 square feet of lawn with 160 gallons of
graywater per day. Therefore, they can design their system to irrigate over four times the minimum
irrigated area in this case and still maintain a healthy landscape.
If the mini-leachfield irrigation system is used, the required square footage is deter-
mined from Table J-2 of the Graywater Standards.
Example: The Brown family produces 160 gallons of graywater per day and is irrigating a sandy loam
soil. Based on Tabl^J-2, the minimum square feet of irrigation area for a mini-leach field system
would be 40 square feet per 100 gallons, (160/100=1.6)1.6*40=64 square feet. The Browns would
need two irrigation zones, each 64 square feet in size, a total size of 128 square feet.
The Browns want to install a 100-foot line with a trench that is 8 inches wide to irrigate the 8 fruit
trees and 7 large shrubs along the perimeter of their yard. Then, they want to install an 80 foot line
with a trench that is 1 foot wide to irrigate 8 mature shade trees. To calculate the area of the mini-
leachfield irrigation field, the length of the line as well as the width of the trench must be considered.
Therefore, the total area of the irrigation field would be 66 square feet(100 ft. length* .66 ft.width) +
80 square feet(80 ft.length times 1 ft.width) = 146 square feet. Since 146 square feet is greater than
the minimum required irrigated area for a mini-leachfield (128 square feet),and since each zone is
greater than the required 64 square feet, the Browns meet the minimum irrigated area requirement.
Determine Location of the Graywater System
Once you know the size of the irrigation field,based on the soil and plant needs, you
can decide where to put it. Table J-1 in the Graywater Standards establishes distances that
the surge tank and irrigation field have to be from various features, such as buildings.
septic tanks, and the domestic water line. In addition,your system must be designed so
that no irrigation point is within five vertical feet of the highest known seasonal ground
water.
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3. Deign the Graynter System
The next'step is to determine the different components of your graywater system
and prepare a description of the system itself. Included will be a determination of the
irrigated area and details of the graywater system. This construction plan includes a
description of the complete installation including methods and materials.
A graywater system usually consists of:
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P111*41PRIO made up of pipes and valves to bring the graywater out of the house
SOige tank to temporarily hold large drain flows from washing machines or bathtubs
Flat to remove particles which could clog the irrigation system
Pinup to move the water from the surge tank to the irrigation field
lii"l hDfl 1ptq to move the water to the plants
it may be helpful to refer to Figure 1 in the Graywater Standards to get a sense of
the overall layout of a graywater system. Then continue reading this section which de-
scribes the different parts needed to assemble your system. In your plan, all of the parts of
your graywater system must be identified as to the manufacturer.
Phanhing Systerh: Pipes and values
The plumbing fixtures which can be used easily in a graywater system depend on
the building's foundation. If your home is built on a slab foundation, most drain pipes are
buried beneath the concrete slab and the graywater from the bath and shower are unus-
able without expensive remodeling. However, if your washing machine is located near an
outside wall or in the garage, the water is easily usable.
If your home is built on a raised foundation, the drain pipes are generally accessible
from the crawl space. Before you enter the crawl space, draw a floor plan of your house.
noting the location of the shower, bath,washing machine, and bathroom sinks. Under the
house, identify which drain lines serve which fixtures and decide which ones you would like
to include in your system.The more fixtures included in the graywater collection system,
the more graywater you will have, bur the more plumbing changes you will have to make.
The Graywater Standards require that all graywater piping be marked"Danger-
Unsafe Water."This is usually done by wrapping the pipe with purple tape,which is avail-
able at most irrigation supply stores.You can install graywater plumbing to a new house
for future graywater use even though you are not quite ready to install the irrigation sys-
tem.This capped off, preliminary plumbing, cften referred to as "stub-out plumbing," is
allowed in the Graywater Standards as long as it is properly marked.
All valves in the plumbing system must be readily accessible and backwater valves
must be installed on surge tank drain connections to sanitary drains or sewers. Finally.
piping must bedownstream of a waterseal type trap.
Surge Tank
Where a graywater pipe exits the home's foundation, it is routed to a surge tank.
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The tank can be located near the house or, if the line is run underground, nearer the
irrigation area. The tank must be solid, durable, watertight when filled, and protected from
corrosion. The tank must be vented and have a locking gasketed lid. It must be anchored
on dry, level, compacted soil or on a three inch concrete slab. The capacity of the tank and
"GRAYWATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM, DANGER- UNSAFE WATER"must be permanently
marked on the tank. The tank drain and overflow gravity drain must be permanently
connected to the sewer line or septic tank. The drain and overflow pipes must not be less
in diameter than the inlet pipe.
Filter
For subsurface drip irrigation systems,a 140 mesh (115 micron) one inch filter with
a capacity of 25 gallons per minute is required. A mesh size of 140 means that a screen
has 140 openings per square inch. The size of the openings are 115 microns (a micron is
equal to one-thousandth o!f a millimeter) each, which Is equivalent in measure to a 140
mesh.
Pump
If all of the plants you wish to irrigate with graywater are below the building's drain
lines, then the graywater system and irrigation lines could use gravity to distribute the
water. If any of the plants :you wish to irrigate with graywater are higher than the surge
tank or the building's drain lines you will need a small, Inexpensive pump to lift the water
to the plants. A pumped system will be slightly more expensive and may require more
maintenance.
To pick the right size pump you must know:
Lthe 'head' (the total lift measured in feet from the pump to the highest point in
the landscape) of your system;
2. the distance from the tank to the furthest point you wish to irrigate: and
3. the maximum discharge rate of all your graywater sources.
For both distance and head, the pump's specifications must show a gallon-per-hour
(gph) or gallon-per-minute (gpm) rate. Make sure that the rating is at least 10 gpm at the
head you will be using. Try to get a pump that does not need water cooling so that all the
water can be pumped out!of the tank. Buy a pump that meets or exceeds your needs.
Check the manufacturer's specifications.
irrigation System
The Graywater Standards allow for two kinds of irrigation systems to be used for
graywater: sub-surface di. ip irrigation or mini-leach fields.
Subsurface Drip Irrigation System
Here is a descripti!on of the various parts of a subsurface drip irrigation system:
Emitters: The minimum flow path of the emitters is 1200 microns (the holes can be
no smaller than 1200 thousandths of a millimeter in size). The coefficient of manu-
' 1 I
facturinivariation (Cv) can be no more than 7 percent. Cv is a method of describing
how evenly the emitters apply water at the time they come from the factory.
According to the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, good emitters have a
Cv of 5 percent or less, average emitters are between 5 and 10 percent, and marginal
emitters are between 10 and 15 percent. Emitters must be recommended for
subsurface and graywater use and demonstrate resistance to root intrusion.
(To determine the emitter ratings of various products, check with your local building
department or order a copy of the Irrigation Equipment Performance Report, Drip
Emitters,and Micro--vprinklers, from the Center For Irrigation Technology, California
State University, 5730 N. Chestnut Ave., Fresno, CA 93740-0018, (209) 278-2066.)
Supply lines: PVC class 200 pipe or better and schedule 40 fittings must be used
for all supply lines. Joints, when properly glued, will be inspected and pressure
tested at'40 psi and must remain drip tight for 5 minutes. All supply lines must be
buried at least 8 inches deep.
DrtR lines: Poly or flexible PVC tubing shall be used for drip lines which must be
buried at least 9 inches deep.
Pressure reducing valve: Where pressure at the discharge side of the pump exceeds
20 pounds per square inch (psi) a pressure reducing valve must be used to maintain
pressure'no greater than 20 psi downstream from the pump and before any emis-
sion device.
Valves, switches, timers, and other_controllers: These devices are used, as appropri-
ate, to rotate the distribution of graywater between irrigation zones and to schedule
the irrigations.
Automatic flush valve/vacuum breaker: These devices are required to prevent back
syphonage of water and soil.
Mini-Lea System
The dimension specifications of the mini-leachfield are found in the Graywater
Standards, Section J-11 (b) (3). Here is a description of the various parts of a mini-leachfield
system:
Perforated pipe: The pipes must be a minimum 3-inch diameter, constructed of
perforated high density, polyethylene, ABS, or PVC pipe, or other approved material.
The maximum length is 100 feet; minimum spacing between lines is 4 feet; and the
maximum grade is 3 inches per 100 feet.
Filter material: A clean stone, gravel, or similar material, sized between 3/4 and
2 1/2 inches, must be used. This filter material is then covered with landscape
filter fabric or similar porous material before being covered with earth. Do not
backfill;the trench until after it has been inspected.
9
4. Submit the Plan for Review and Approval
Once you have completed the application form, plot plan, construction plan, and
soil and ground water determinations, submit them to the building department. Staff will
review your submittal to insure that you are in compliance with the Graywater Standards.
Most likely. they will have a form listing the provisions of the Graywater Standards and will
check off each item as they determine it conforms with the regulations. In the Appendix
you will find a sample Graywater Mandatory Measures Checklist. Once your submittal is
approved, you may begin installation of your graywater system. Remember that the build-
ing inspector will want to inspect your system before you cover the subsurface drip irriga-
tion lines or backfill the mini-leachfield trenches.
S. Install the System
Purchase the Equipment
Your construction plan includes a description of the materials to be used for the
graywater system. This will form the basis of your"shopping list." On the following page is
a shopping list for the system the Brown Family plans to install.
In most cases, the plumbing parts, pump and tank can be purchased at your local
plumbing supply store. Look in the Yellow Pages under"Plumbing Fixtures, Parts, and
Supplies, Retail." The Yellow Pages also has listings for"Pumps-Dealers" and 'Tanks-Fiber
Glass, Plastic, Etc," or 'Tanks-Metal" if your first stop does not have all the parts you need.
"Irrigation Systems and Equipment" is the heading to look under for the compo-
nents of the subsurface drip irrigation system. The pipes for a mini-leachfield system can
be purchased from a plumbing supply store and the gravel filter material can be found at a
"Sand and Gravel" company, listed as such in the Yellow Pages.
There are some specialty sign companies that produce the warning labels such as
"GRAYWATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM-DANGER-UNSAFE WATER," needed for your graywater
system. One such company is Seton Name Plate Co., (800) 243-6624.
10
Parts and Approximate Costs for the Brown Family Graywater System*
Parts Approximate Cost ($)
washing machine hook-up
connection parts 20
three-way diverter valve 28
pipe to sewer 4
pipe to tank 4
sanitary tee 3
shower/bath hook-up
connection parts 15
pipe to tank 4
bends 15
fittings 15
vent 13
Total: Plumbing Parts 121
55 gallon tank with lid 101
vent 13
inlet pipe 4
overflow pipe 4
drain pipe 4
backwater valve 4
water seal type trap 3
emergency drain ball valve 28
tank adapters($20 each,one for each pipe) 60
union 12
Total: Tank Parts 233
Total: Pump 150
AND
Subsurface Drip Irrigation System
filter 140 mesh one-inch 25 gal/min 25
pipe: PVC class 200 12
fittings: schedule 40 15
drip lines: 112 emitters 46
valves(825 each) 50
automatic flush valve (82 each) 4
controller 50
switches 32
pressure reducing valve 15
compression Ts 4
Total: Drip Parts 253
OR
Mini-leachfield
solid pipe 50
perforated pipe: 180 ft. 70
gravel, 18 in/130'/1'=7 yds. 70
landscape filter fabric 40
Total: Leachfield Parts 230
GRAND TOTAL: DRIP $757
GRAND TOTAL: LEACHFIELD $734
*Cost for permit fees, rental equipment, professional installation, and maintenance not included.
11
1
Install the Plumbing System
Modifying drain lines usually requires extensive plumbing knowledge and skills;
seeking professional assistance is recommended. This guide does not provide basic plumb-
ing instructions. If you are a do-it-yourselfer, the staff at a retail plumbing store, plumbing
books at the library, or friends may be able to provide you with the plumbing information
you will need for most of the plumbing work associated with a graywater system.
The drain pipes in homes built before 1970 are generally cast iron, while those built
since 1970 will probably be plastic. The tools required to make the necessary plumbing
changes will usually include: a hacksaw, tape measure, flashlight, hammer, pipe wrenches
(metal pipes only), and screw drivers. An electric drill and a hole saw may be necessary to
provide access holes through walls. If you do not have the necessary tools, most rental
companies rent these tools inexpensively. Be careful not to connect any part of the
graywater system piping to the existing water supply system.
Install the Subsurface Drip Irrigation System
Once again, this guide provides a brief overview of the installation process, not basic
landscape irrigation instructions. You can call the local chapter of the California Land-
scape Contractor's Association or their state office at (916) 448-2252 for a list of qualified
referrals to install subsurface drip irrigation systems.
If you decide to do it yourself, first, gather all the parts you have determined will be
needed for your system. There are special tools for digging the trenches for the drip lines,
or you can do it with an ordinary shovel. After the trenches are dug, it is recommended
that you install the main valve, filter, and pressure regulator first. Next, install of the main
PVC lines and finally the drip lines. Once the system is fully installed, test it for leaks.
Don't cover the system until it is inspected and approved.
Install the Mini-Leachfield System
To create a mini-leachfield, dig a trench along the dripline (the outer edge of the
foliage) and fill it with gravel to within nine inches of the surface. Be sure to cover the
gravel with a landscape filter fabric or similar material before filling the trench with soil. If
soil is able to infiltrate down into the gravel, the mini-leach field will quickly clog and the
water will be forced to the surface.
6. System Inspection and Approval
Once all the plumbing has been connected, the tank in place, and the irrigation
system in the ground (but uncovered), arrange to have a building inspector come out for
the final inspection and approval. The inspector will be checking that the surge tank.
remains watertight as the tank is filled with water; that all the lines remain watertight
during a pressure test; and that the other measures listed on the Graywater Mandatory
Measures Checklist in the appendix meet the Graywater Standards.
12
7. Using, Monitoring and Maintaining the System
Protect Health
If a member of a household is ill, graywater may carry infectious bacteria or viruses.
However, in order for the graywater to make another person ill it would be necessary for
that person to drink or otherwise consume the contaminated graywater. As long as a
person does not:drink the graywater, or irrigate vegetables with graywater and then eat
them unwashed., graywater is safe.
The Graywater Standards require that graywater not surface and that human
contact with graywater: be avoided. Graywater systems designed, installed, and maintained
in accordance with the standards present minimal risk to public health. The California
Department of Health Services participated actively in the development of these standards
to insure the protection of public health.
When graywater is used, always follow these rules :
Don't drink or play In graywater.
Don't mix potable (drinking) water with graywater.
Don't allow anything that may be eaten to come into contact with graywater.
Don't allow graywater to pond on the surface or run off the property.
Select Garden-Friendly Soaps
The chemical and biological composition of graywater varies greatly, based on
numerous facto rs, including the original quality of the water coming to your home, the
personal habits.of the family members, which plumbing fixtures are connected to the
system, and the soaps used. Since the t el
type of detergent you select is one major factor that
you can control., the use of garden-friendly soaps can contribute significantly to better
quality graywater.
Most hand: and dish soaps and shampoos will not damage plants at low residential
concentrations.- Laundry detergents, on the other hand, need to be selected carefully.
Sodium and boron are chemicals that can have a negative effect on landscapes. Powdered
detergents and_soaps include "filler"Ingredients (not essential to clothes cleaning) which
are usually some compound of sodium. Liquid soaps contain few fillers, thus less sodium.
A few soaps are now being formulated for use with graywater systems. Cleaners and
laundry soaps you may wish to avoid:
bleaches or softeners(send graywater to sewer when used)
detergents that advertise whitening, softening and enzymatic powers
detergents with ingredients which include:
boron:, borax, or chlorine, or bleach
peroxygen or sodium perborate
petroleum distillate or alkylbenzene
sodium m trypochlorite
Often the labeling on detergents is incomplete. The University of Arizona Office of
Arid Lands Studies (with the sponsorship of Tucson Water).tested the composition of many
common detergents for sodium, boron, phosphate, alkalinity, and conductivity. High alka-
linity often indicates a high level of sodium. Conductivity is the measure of all dissolved
salts in the water.The higher the concentration of salts and minerals, the greater the
potential for adverse impacts on the soil and plants. Phosphates are good for plant growth,
but the detergent form may not always be usable by the plants.The Office of Arid Lands
Studies suggests that you select detergents with the lowest levels of alkalinity, conductivity,
boron, and sodium.This information is included in the Appendix.
Generally, once people begin to use graywater, they think more carefully about what
they put down the drain. Some cleaning products are toxic to plants. people and the envi-
ronment and should not be used. Products designed to open clogged drains or clean porce-
lain without scrubbing must be sent to the sewer or replaced with alternative products or
boiling water and elbow grease.
Also, home water softeners often use a solution that contains high levels of sodium
chloride that may have a negative effect on soils. Avoid using softened water as graywater
when possible.
Keep Soils Healthy
Sodium, potassium and calcium are alkaline chemicals. Because of the presence of
these chemicals in laundry detergent. graywater use tends to raise to alkalinity of the soil.
Slightly alkaline soils will support many garden plants. Even most acid-soil loving plants
will be happy with slightly alkaline soils that are generously amended with organic matter.
The pH of an acid soil is 6.9 or lower while that of an alkaline soil is 7.1 or higher. If a
simple pH test indicates that the pH reading is over 8.0, the pH should be reduced. This
can be accomplished by adding agricultural sulfur or an acidifying fertilizer such as ammo-
nium sulfate.
Problems with water infiltration may be due to a sodium build up in the soil. Soil
analyzed by a soil lab is the only way to verify excess sodium. Depending upon the severity
of the problem, you can usually correct it by adding agricultural gypsum and/or organic
matter to the soil.
A sandy, well-drained soil will be less affected by the application of graywater than a
poorly drained clay soil. Sometimes graywater may degrade the structure of a clay soil by
making it stickier and less loamy.The soil's physical condition also may be affected by high
sodium.To correct these problems and keep soil healthy, once again, till in organic matter.
The salts that might build up from the use graywater will only be a problem if they
are not leached away periodically by heavy rains. If winter rains are light, occasionally
leach the soil with fresh water.
Grow Healthy Plants
The application of too much water of any kind too frequently will result in saturated
soils, and an invitation to;plant disease. Generally, plants are healthier when the soil is
allowed to dry out between irrigations.
14
A very small percentage of plants may be damaged by graywater, most of these are
listed below.Too much sodium or chlorine could result in leaf bum, chlorosis(yellow leaves),
and twig die back.' Boron can be toxic to plants at levels only slightly greater than is required
for good plant growth. Symptoms of boron toxicity include leaf Up and margin bum, leaf
cupping, chlorosis, branch the back, premature leaf drop, and reduced growth.
Shade loving and acid loving plants do not like graywater.Their native habitats are
forested areas where; acid soils predominate. Here are some plants that are not suitable for
the alkaline conditions often associated with graywater irrigation:
Rhododendrons Begonias
Bleeding Hearts Ferns
Oxalis(Wood Sorrel) Foxgloves
Hydrangeas Gardenias
Azaleas Philodendrons
Violets Camellias
impatiens Primroses
Other plants that are especially susceptible to high sodium, and chloride which may
be present in graywater are:
I
Crape Myrtle
Redwoods
Star Jasmine
14011Y
Deodar Cedar
Plants that would probably do well with graywater irrigation are:
Oleander Italian Stone Pine
Bougainvillea Purple Hopseed Bush
Fan&Date Palms Oaks
Golden Rain Tree Arizona Cypress
Rosemary Cottonwood
i
Agapanthus Olive
Bermuda Grass Ice Plant
Honeysuckle many native plants
Australian Tea Tree Juniper
Monitor and Maintain the System
If you have someone else install your graywater system, the installer will provide an
operation and maintenance manual.That person will recommend such practices as checking
the pump, filters, main line;s, and other lines to keep your system in top condition.
It is important to check your system on a regular basis, every week or so, to see that
graywater Is not surfacing,;that the plants and soils are healthy, and that the equipment is
working properly.
The pump is an important part of the graywater system. Read the pump's instruc-
tion guide carefully.Adjust the pump's float switch to turn on as early as possible to avoid
an overflowing tank. Be sure to connect the grounded, three-pronged cord supplied with
the pump to an approved outlet.The pump runs off standard house current, so special
wiring is not necessary-
A pump should not,be run without a check-valve, which is installed between the
pump and the first irrigation point.The check-valve allows water to pass in only one direc-
tion--toward the landscape, and not back into the tank.Without a check valve,water
draft-Ling back into the tank would activate the pump and the pump would run continu-
ously.
The main concern people have with drip irrigation systems is the possible clogging
of the emitters, preventing,the flow of water to the plants. With properly selected and
maintained filtration. and 'occasional flushing of the subsurface drip irrigation system,
most problems with emitter clogging can be avoided. If clogging does occur, simple chemical
solutions can be used to clear the emitters.
The 3-way diverter valve for washing machine 'Y'valve) which was installed as part
of the graywater system allows the graywater to be sent back to the sewer/septic line when
rain has saturated the soil.Turning the graywater system off during the rainy season will
help keep the soil healthy because the rain will leach away any soap buildup. The diverter
valve is also employed to send: water with caustic cleaners or strong bleaches to the sewer/
septic line.
16
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Screened vents ,Abbreviations C L
m 3f32"mesh C/O Cleanout CL
N.C. Normally Closed C L
VTR Vent Thru Roof C L
Vent shall be A L r
within trap arm AC L
distance ofVTR or 10'above grade A L
tanning trap (support required) b"above top of `
higbest tank Union or equal C L t
AL
3-way.AveA/ t
Locking Cover L
Graywater Inlet A L
source x a e " • PGM
Approved water tight A L
s tank C L
A L
CL
O�erOow Graywatet p„ed)ox Fullway Valve A L
Vented running trap, (W vatrc) Irrigation System (no Valve) Irrigation System
if rrquired Danger Danger f C L
Grade San Tee Unsafe Water Unsafe Water Grade
CL
AL
CL-
Wve& 1/$Bend Drain(N.C.) / C L
C/O /f To Irrigation system -► A L
1/4"/FT Backwater Valve
3"Concrete Fad Minimum of two irrigation C L
ro or equivalent lines required" A L
ro To building drain,
sewer,or septic tank
AL
CL
Figure 3—Graywater System Multiple Tank(conceptual) C L
N Vent shall be within C L
trap in
runntrap stance of abbreviations A L
A Screened vent C/O Cleanout A L
TR
3132"mesh V Vent Thru Roof
L
AL
CL
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(support required} Backwater Valve C L
AL
L
Vented running trap. Union or equal
if required 3-way valve Shut-off valve C L
Inlet
Graywater To Irrigation system A L
Minimum of two irrigation C L
source 1/4"/FT A L
lines required C L
Grade �►11 C L
,■y A L
Wye&1/8 Bend�„� Locking cover A L
Backwater Valve 1/4"/Fr / I C L
Overflow r�! Fater tight tank approved C L
114"/FI GO (no vent) f,r for underground use A L
CL
To building drain,I Sign on top of tank C L
sewer,or septic tankl..—A\ Pump Graywater Irrigation System C L
Capped drain -�" "'~— DANGER A L
UNSAFE WATER A L
8 C L
Figure 4—Graywater System Underground Tank(conceptual) C_L
2�
f
Note: each irrigation zone A L
shall have a minimum effec- A L
tive irrigation area based on c L
AL D
Section 1-7.. A L
m
To public Vent Thru Roof A L
sewerAL Cn
b
PL• / " 2'MiPL C L Cn
Min
AL m
/ AL K
AL
CL
AL
CL
AL
CL
PL 5'Min C L
�� C L
AL
�� Distributing valve pr rtLine c L
Soil Y
AL
CL
Gravel ` A L
Grade �i�p . C L
AL
q- dt�o A L
- = filter fabric nZp C L
-�.• •- ,:
Or equivalent 17" Min. C L T_
f .
C L 5
t AL C
3-(minimum)perforated pipe section C L
AL m
' Figure 5—Graywater System Irrigation Layout(conceptual) A L
26
6raywater Mandatory Measures Checklist
Description I Designer I Plan Checker Inspector
Drawings and Specifications (J-4)
04,a)plot plan drawn to scale showing:
lot lines and structure
direction and approximate slope of surface
location of retaining walls,drainage channels,water supply lines,wells
location of paved areas and structures
location of sewage disposal system and 100%expansion area
location of graywater system(Table;)-1 lists required distances)
number of bedrooms and plumbing fixtures
04,b)details of contruction:installation,construction,and materials
(1-4,c)log of soil formations,ground water level,water absorption of soil
(1-7)no irrigation point within 5 ft.of highest known seasonal groundwater
Estimating Graywater Discharge (J-6)
bedroom#1 (2 occupants)
additional bedrooms(1 occupant)
showers,tubs,wash basins:25 GPD/occupant
laundry:15 GPD/occupant
Required Area (J-7)
at least two irrigation zones
each zone to distribute all graywatOr produced daily without surfacing
meets Table J-2 design criteria of mini-leachfield OR
meets Table J-2 design criteria for subsurface drip systems
Surge Tanks (J-9)
solid,durable material,watertight when filled,protected from corrosion
0-5,a)anchored on dry,level,compacted soil or 3 inch concrete slab
meets standards for non-potable water
vented with locking gasketed access opening
capacity permanently marked on tank
"GRAYWATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM,DANGER-UNSAFE WATER"
permanently marked on tank
drain and overflow permanently connected to sewer or septic tank
Valves and Piping (J-10)
piping downstream of waterseal type trap
piping marked"DANGER-UNSAFE WATER"
all valves readily accessible
backwater valves on all surge tank drain connections to sanitary drain or sewer
0-5,a)stub-out plumbing permanently marked
1
i
6ra;ywater Mandatory Meawrei (he(hit
Description Designer (Plan Checker (Inspector
Subsurface drip irrigation systems (J-11,a)
minimu m 140 mesh(115 micron)one inch filter,with a 25 gpm capacity
filter back-wash to the sewer system or septic tank
emitter flow path of 1200 microns
cv no more than 71/6,flow variation no more than 101/6
emitters resistant to root intrusion(see CIT list)
number of emitters determined from Table J-3, minimum spacing 14 inches
supply lines of PVC class 200 pipe or better and schedule 40 fittings,when
pressure tested at 40 psi,drip-tight for 5 minutes
supply lines 8 inches deep,feeder lines(poly or flexible PVC)9 inches dee
downstream pressure does not exceed 20 psi(pounds per square inch)
each irrigation zone has automatic flush valve/vacuum breaker
Mini-leachfield systems (J-11,b)
perforated lines minimum 3 inches diameter
high density polyethylene pipe,perforated ABS pipe,or perforated PVC pipe
maximum length of perofrated line-100 feet
maximum grade-3 inches/100 feet,
minimum spacing-4 feet
earth cover of lines at least 9 inches
clean stone or gravel filter material from 3/4 to 21/2 inch size in trench 3 inch
deep beneath lines and 2 inches above
filter fabric covers filter material
Inspection (J-5, a)
system components identified as to manufacturer
irrigation field installed at same location as soil test,if required
installation conforms with approved plans
Testing (J-5,b)
surge tank remains watertight as tank is filled with water
flow test shows all lines and componints remain watertight
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ktorial Evapotranspiration
potrampiration Valuo in Ito for July
North Central toast monthly weekly
Novato 5.9 1.3
San Francisco 4.5 1.0
Concord 7.0 1.6
San Jose 6.5 1.5
Monterey 4.3 1.0
San Luis!.Obispo 4.6 1.0
South Coastal
Santa Barbara 5.5 1.3
Ventura , 5.5 1.3
Los Angeles 6.6 1.5
Laguna Beach 4.9 1.1
San Diego 4.6 1.0
Central Valley
Auburn 8.3 1.9
Sacramento 8.4 1.9
Modesto/Stockton 8.1 1.8
Fresno 8.4 1.9
Baskersfield 8.5 1.9
Redding 8.5 1.9
South Inland
San Fernando 7.3 1.7
Pasadena 7.1 1.6
Riverside 7.9 1.8
Ramona 7.3 1.7
San Bernardino; 7.9 1.8
High Men
Palmdale 9.9 2.3
Lancaster 11.0 2.5
Victorville 11.2 2.5
Bishop, 7.4 1.7
Independence 9.8 2.2
Low Own
Palm Springs 11.6 2.6
Coachella 12.3 2.8
Needles 12.8 2.9
El Centro 11.6 2.6